LIN 205 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures Weeks 1 6 Week 1 Introduction Note This study guide is meant to clear up anything you may have missed in class It is important to review the workbook and homework 50 of the test will be phonetic transcription 5 points per word All questions will be short answer and partial credit will be given You will get full credit if you correctly transcribe the word how the teaching assistant pronounces it or how you pronounce it You MUST mark primary stress on multisyllabic words In a monosyllabic word you don t need to mark stress because it will always be on the vowel You only need to write a broad transcription not a narrow transcription Example narrow transcription would be marking aspiration or vowel lengthening see page 13 of the Introductory Workbook If you are familiar with IPA page 17 in the Intro Workbook shows both IPA and American symbols Professor Dryer said he will not mark a transcription wrong if you use an IPA symbol although he prefers the American symbols 1 Definitions Linguistics The study of language Includes the study of Phonetics Phonology Semantics Morphology and Syntax Grammar rules Two categories Descriptive and Prescriptive Descriptive Rules that people actually follow when using a language The unconscious rules of the language Prescriptive Rules for how one ought to use a language These rules are not necessarily followed in normal conversation John is taller than me Descriptive John is taller than I Prescriptive In normal conversation the descriptive sentence is grammatical and acceptable but the Prescriptive sentence is the correct form for the language Phonetics The study of sound in language The objective articulatory and acoustic physical nature of sound Phonology The study of sound in terms of the language system Phoneme basic unit of phonology Semantics Word meanings and word relations Meaning and sound connections are arbitrary there is no logical reasoning behind the connection of a word and its meaning Morphology Study of linguistic units such as morphemes Morphemes are the smallest unit in a language that has meaning Syntax The rules for how words are combined to form sentences The grammatical rules of a language 2 Things to remember We observe the rules of our native language at a very young age Example A 2 year old will follow the general rule of plurals dog dogs unconsciously and apply it to words that are irregular sheep sheeps or mouse mouses instead of sheep and mice Speaking comes naturally and is learned earlier than writing which must be taught directly Spoken language was developed before written Out of the 5 000 7 000 languages spoken approximately half don t have a written form English spelling is the most irregular there is not a 1 1 correspondence between symbols and sounds represents orthographic represents phonetic transcription Weeks 1 3 Phonetics 1 American Phonetic Alphabet Consonants Consonants have obstruction of air in the oral cavity They are identified using the parameters of voicing place of articulation and manner of articulation Obstruents Major obstruction of air flow Stops fricatives affricates Can be voiced or voiceless Sonorants resonance and minimal stoppage of air flow All sonorants are normally voiced Nasals liquids glides vowels A Voicing voiced or voiceless A voiced consonant has adducted closed vocal folds that vibrate Voiceless consonants have abducted opened vocal folds that don t vibrate B Place of articulation Where airflow is obstructed There are 8 places of articulation Bilabial The upper and lower lips come together Labiodental The lower lip moves towards upper teeth Inter dental Tongue is placed between the teeth Alveolar Tongue touches or is near to the alveolar ridge behind the front teeth Palato alveolar Tongue touches or is near to the area just behind the alveolar ridge and at the start of the hard palate Palatal Tongue touches or is near to your hard palate roof of the mouth Velar Tongue touches or is near the soft palate velum Glottal The vocal folds serve as the articulators glottis opening between the vocal folds C Manner of articulation How the articulators interact to produce a speech sound There are 6 manners of articulation Stop Brief period of complete closure of vocal tract stop burst release the quick release of air pressure build up after closure is opened Fricatives The lower articulator approaches the upper articulator they don t touch which creates a narrow passageway that leads to turbulence This creates the hissing sound Affricates a stop fricative sequence Nasals produced when the velum is lowered This opens the nasal passageway to air flow All other consonants are produced with a raised velum Liquids Lateral liquid tip of tongue against alveolar ridge and air escapes from sides of tongue Retroflex liquid tongue tip is curled back and raised Glides semi vowels has characteristics of a consonant and a vowel 2 American Phonetic Alphabet Vowels Vowels have open vocal tracts no obstruction of air Distinguished by tongue height high mid low Tongue advancement front central back Tenseness tense or lax All high back vowels mid back vowels and are rounded Tense vowels are i e o u Only use open o before an r or y as in boy or bore karet It is often in words spelled with u and it is used when there is stress schwa lazy vowel tongue is in rest position Used in unstressed syllabic r becomes the nucleus of a syllable Example fur f The ur in fur represents a single continuous sound 3 Diphthong a sequence of a vowel followed by a glide Recall that glides are semivowels The glide y is similar in tongue position to the vowel i Example buy b y Sequence of a w low back vowel to a high front vowel i cow k w The glide w is similar to the vowel u This is a sequence from a low back vowel to a high back vowel u u is usually transcribed as yu nk is almost always transcribed as k ed is almost always transcribed as t In the Linguistics Workbook refer to pages 5 7 8 and 18 for consonant and vowel charts Refer to page 16 for names of phonological symbols You don t have to memorize the non American Phonetic symbols on page 18 However Professor Dryer stated that if he were to make a sound that was represented by one of those symbols you should be able to identify the place and manner of articulation and voicing Weeks 3 5 Phonology 1 Suprasegmentals Stress and pitch are the most common suprasegmentals above segments Stress is independent of consonants and vowels A
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