Phil 1800 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Simone de Beauvior:1. Mystification: what it is to be a human being and women who blindly accept those roles live in a state of mystification2. Intentional Consciousness: consciousness is constantly reaching out into the world and interpreting what it means we inexpertly create the world we live inEthical Freedom Vs. Ontological Freedomtaking responsibility for you freedombecomingBorn freeBeing 1. Beauvior never considered herself a philosopher in her own writing?a. True- Self/other- Self-= me- Other= everything outside of me- Believes people are free and born with a blank slate1. Gender vs. Sex:a. All born either male or femaleb. Gender is a social constructc. We are all born female, we become women (can be done either authentic or inauthentic)Marilyn Frye1. Phallism: describes the modern expression of the history of ideas (characterized terms of masculine traits, female does not have full personhood) 2. Humanism: philosophy that emerged in the enlightenment3. Personhood: determine this on our understanding of what it is to be human (maleness)Moral Community Vs. Conceptual CommunityWhether or not you have rightsWhether or not you can contribute to the world:science, politicalBell Hooks1. Care of the Self: black women to love their body and accept themselves for the way theyare. Affirm their self, and taking care of their self (loving yourself and taking care of yourself)2. Internalized Racism: Black women are predominately in charge of raising childrena. Therefore if we want to conquer the problem of internalized racism we have to understand how females interpret the body and internalize racism3. Television: views of whiteness (beauty in whiteness) is being bombarded through television4. Personal Power: black women’s view themselves as servants, and associate their sense of worth with serving other people5. Black Women Martyr Syndrome: constantly expected to be self-sacrificing and live their lives to serve others6. 4 Key Issues of Female Black Beauty a. Hair: encouraged to straighten their hair to appear to be more white like b. Politics of skin color: fairer your skin, better you arec. Body Image: weight and eating issues:i. Black women turn to food for comfort- tend to overeat and be overweightii. Being able to accepts one’s body the way it is- clothing designed for skinny white womend. Foot Size: black women have larger feet than usual and cram feet into too small cause self-conscious Martin Heidegger1. Da-sein: *there being, being there*2. Aristotle’s Theory of the Four Causesa. 4 causes: technology has to do with causologyb. Material Cause (what it’s made of)c. Final Cause (what its used for d. Efficient Cause (craftsmen)e. Formal Cause (shape)3. Standing Reserve4. Technological Enframing: interpret the entire world around us in terms of commodity (something to be consumed, resource, mere means to an end) (interpret world as standing reserve when we do this)5. The Saving Power: we have pushed out all others way of interpreting stuff around us, limited our existential freedom6. Poiesis: constantly interpreting themselves, to bring forth (individual creativity)7. Physis: nature: come forth on their own through the forces of nature8. Techne: technology: bringing forth poiesis through hands of natureSigmund Freud:1. Stages of DevelopmentA. “Oral - During this stage, the mouth is the pleasure center for development. Freud believed this is why infants are born with a sucking reflex and desire their mother's breast. If a child's oral needs are not met during infancy, he or she may develop negative habits such as nail biting or thumb sucking to meet this basic need.B. Anal - During this stage, toddlers and preschool-aged children begin to experiment with urine and feces. The control they learn to exert over their bodily functions is manifested in toilet-training. Improper resolution of this stage, such as parent’s toilet training too early, can result in a child that is uptight and overly obsessed with order.C. Phallic - During this stage, preschoolers take pleasure in their genitals, and they begin to struggle with sexual desires toward the opposite sex parent (boys to mothers and girls to fathers). This gives rise to the Oedipus conflict (in boys) and the Electra conflict (in girls).D. Latency - During this stage, sexual instincts subside, and children begin to further develop the superego, or conscience. Children begin to behave in morally acceptableways and adopt the values of their parents and other important adults.E. Genital - During this stage, sexual impulses reemerge. If other stages have been successfully met, adolescents engage in appropriate sexual behavior, which may leadto marriage and childbirth.”2. Libido: sexual drives3. Sublimation: finding social acceptable ways of accepting our desires and impulsesId Super Ego Egopleasure, desires notions of right and wrong Reason Oedipus Complexes Electra Complexeswhen little boys want to replace their father and get all their attention and affection from motherwhen little girls want to replace their mothersand get all their attention and affection from fatherCarl Jung1. Shadow: dark side of human nature (our animal nature- animal instincts that we have not come to accept) create the archetype of the shadow2. Persona: mask (representation of ourselves that we present to the outside world)3. Psyche: : self has three parts (ego conscious self, Personal unconscious, collective unconsciousness)4. Anima/ Animus: notions of feminity and masculinityPersonal Consciousness Vs. Collective Consciousnesscontains memories and repressed feelings and desires (can be made conscious)think of psyche inheritanceWEB DuBois1. Double Consciousness: Because of history of slavery, African Americans have a double consciousness regarding sense of self hood, understand themselves to be African and American but not an integrated sense of self2. Second Sight: unique epistemological perspectivea. Able to have a second sight because they can experience American culture from inside and outside (blacks), gives this their permission to critique 3. White Imperialism: whiteness is superior and have a privileged position (rational human being is seen as whiteness)Cornel West1. New Culture Politics of Difference: his paper title, first wave critical race theory is inadequate2. Difference: think of race in terms of difference and personhood in terms of difference; this means we understand that what