Phil 1800 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Aquinas:- Immortality of the Soul: He argues that because many of the functions of the soul are spiritual in nature (the function of the intellect or rational mind), then the soul must exist beyond deatho Aquinas follows the teaching of St. Paul that the disembodied state of the soul is only temporary and that it will eventually be rejoined with its physical components in order to form a complete person. Aristotle Vs. Aquinas- Nature of Reality: Argued that the objects we experience in the world around us are made of form and matter- Freedom: had a conceptof freedom, but not a concept of free will- The work of Aristotle provides an accurate representation of reasonand can be used to clarify the teachings of Christianity- Many found that Aristotle’s views were incomplete or incompatible with Christianity- Like Aristotle, Aquinas believed that our reasonis what makes us uniquely human- Our ability to know is based on Aristotle’s theory of abstraction(Aquinas adjusts and deepens thistheory) - Nature of Reality: Argued that the ultimate ground of existence of entities is their being (esse); He understands entities as a combination of essence (form and matter) and existence- Nature of Knowledge: the ultimate object of understanding is God- Human Nature: All human beings shared similar innate tendencies, desires and faculties (two of the most important are the desire for knowledge and the desire for God)- Freedom: eternal salvation depends on the choices we make in this life- Human Nature: He believes our natures are inclined toward the good- Happiness: He believes that we are all inclined to choose what we think is good and leads to happiness; however, we can be ignorant of what the ultimate good for man iso Human life reaches its fullest potential and greatest happiness while in contemplation of the forms, because God has perfect knowledge of the forms, contemplation of the forms brings us as close as we can get to understanding him in this lifeo Aquinas believes that this knowledge can only be complete after death- Theory of Substance: ultimate ground of the existence of entities is their being (esse) o Understands entities as a combination of essence (form and matter) and existenceo Aristotle argued that the objects we experience in the world around us are made of form and mattero The Great Chain of being: God is what is most real and therefore most good. The varieties of beings we encounter exist so that God could fill the world with maximum amount of goodness….. All creatures poses their esse in virtue of God. They both are what they are and exist in virtue of God.- Free Will: Existing apart from the intellect, the will has the power to choose and act upon existingdesires as well as the capacity to create and act upon new desires o Aquinas interpreted Augustine’s view of the will as being too unrestricted.o He argued that our actions are free if they stem from our character and internal states (intentions, motives and decisions)- The soul has three capacitieso Vegetativeo Sentiento Rational/Reason- Reason: Believed that our reason is what makes us uniquely humano Our ability to know is based on Aristotle’s theory of abstractiono Knowledge begins with experience and the senses, through the senses we come to know particular entitiesAugustin:- Reason in Faith: to uncover the truth in the world, but rather to further clarify the truths found in revelation and known through faith- Free will: our Free will allows us to choose. More specifically, it is our ability to choose among our desires and choose how to follow or act upon our desires. For Augustine, our will is only trulyfree when it is free both from our internal desires and free from external conditions. He claimed that the will is free only if its choices are supported by the grace of God.- Although human nature was created good, it has become corrupted by the original sin of Adam and Even. We are now a fallen nature.- Natural Evil: Earthquakes, fires, famine, illness, etc.o Augustine understands natural evil as the privation of God- Moral Evil: More evil is the source of most of the evil that exists in the world and it comes from the free will.- Mind body dualism: developed the notion of the soul as being separate from the body and containing our reason, emotions, and desires. For Augustine, our souls are our true selves and either enjoy salvation or suffer eternal damnation after our deaths.- Human Happiness: God is the highest good and human happiness depends on having a close relationship with him. This relationship can be attained through love and also through intellectual knowledge.- Soul: we are our souls. We are spiritual beings at the core of our nature. Our souls contain our reason, emotions and desires.- Influenced by Plato: Like Plato, Augustine taught that reason must control desire if a person is to be happy. We must use our reason to understand our God, our true selves, and to live our lives according to the laws of God. However, Augustine did not believe that reason naturally controls our desires as Plato did. Instead, he believed that because of our fallen nature, we are inclined to allow our desires to rule our reason. DescartesRes Cogitans Res ExtensaMind“I think therefore I am”Body“I am therefore I think”- Axiomatic Truth: certain, self-evident truths o Theorems: then you can derive theorems from these axioms (deductive) Rationalists Vs. Empiricists- Innate Knowledge- Highly Platonic- Emphasizes Mathematical Reason- Deductive Reasoning- Began with observation- Aristotelean- Inductive ReasoningHobbes- State of Nature: men are naturally and exclusively self-interested, they are more or less equal to one another, (even the strongest man can be killed in his sleep), there are limited resources, and yet there is no power able to force men to cooperate.o Concludes State of Nature would be unbearably brutalo Every person is always in fear of losing his life to anothero State of Nature is the worst possible situation in which men can find themselves. It is the state of perpetual and unavoidable war.- Role of the Sovereign: The sovereign is invested with the authority and power to mete out punishments for breaches of the contract. o Hobbes argues that because men's passions can be expected to overwhelm their reason, the Sovereign must have absolute authority in order for the contract to be successful.o Better than State of Nature- Psychological