All that exists in the universe is subject to three characteristics: http://en.dhammadana.org/dhamma/3_characteristics.htmAnicca. Everything is limited to a certain duration and, consequently, liable to disappear.Dukkha. Everything is unsatisfactory. There is nothing that can be relied upon, there is nothing that can bring true happiness.Anatta. Everything is deprived of a self. There is no self-inherent entity, nothing that can be controlled.Phil 1800 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide PlatoPlato Socrates SophistsInnate understanding of the Good and that was our ultimate goal in lifeConcerned with what the calling of humans are, meta-physics, the thing that will make us happyAbsolutist: Truth!Teaching conventional ways of time taught moral ration, rhetoric and art of argumentationTruth= NODivided Line: The Good,Need to know how to draw this The BeautifulBeing (Above middle line) Understanding Forms Reasoning (logic) Mathematical Object (Ratios, #’s, lines, dimensions) Perception (5 senses) World of physical objectsImagination Images Becoming (Doxa, Opinion, etc.)Below middle lineAllegory of the Cave: - For a better understand of the Allegory of the Cave, go to: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoOVFO4Qnqg- In this video, the fire should be behind the dancing people.3 Parts of the Soul: (Leading life like this and turning away from the appetites leads to a better afterlife)1. Reason2. Spirit3. Appetites3 Proofs for Immortality of Soul:1. Argument from Oppositesa. Proves that there is such thing as life after death, everything is generated from opposites2. Theory of Recollection (understanding)a. Previous innate understanding of these formsi. You can give examples/definition of justice, but do they fully embodied justice (no), then how do you understand justice? Well that’s because youwere born with an understanding of the forms, i.e. Justice. 3. Argument from Affinity (means similarity, Soul must be eternal)a. Sense the soul is eternal, it most closely resembles the “Being” and metaphysical truthAristotleCommon with Plato: Eudemonia (the good life) - Purpose of human life is a particular type of knowledge- 2 types of knowledge (practical vs. scientific-> wisdom)o Practical: Everyday knowledge, politics, craftsmen, etc.o Scientific: Wisdom of world and how humans fit in- Natural Science: Metaphysics and Physics o Metaphysics: the study of human existenceo Physics: Classification Aristotle was the first to talk about genus and species  Apple: (Genus-> Plant) (Species-> Apple Tree)What?MetaphysicsTheory of the Forms (form and matter) the form is what defines something at its core- Form cannot exist without matter- Form exists without matter (separation of body and soul)- Everything that exists is a combination of form and matter- Forms are known through perceptiono (Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning)  Inductive: Innate knowledge; Plato- Unquestionable truths that are known and then derive from them Deductive: Learn knowledge; Aristotle- Studies and experiments and then derive from thereSoul (3 types) -> Human soul = immortality1. Reasoning2. Locomotive (locomotion and perception) Animal Human 3. Nutritive Soul (nutrition and growth)  PlantWhy?4 Causes (Example: Silver Chalice)1. Formala. Form of the thing, i.e. Blueprint 2. Efficienta. The origin of it, i.e. Craftsmen3. Materiala. What it’s made out of, i.e. Silver4. Final (Telos)a. Everything has its own purpose, i.e. To be drank out ofHow do we know the Forms?- Plato: Innate knowledge- Aristotle: We learn the knowledgeProblem of Change:- Plato: forget about change, real knowledge is in the form (eternal world) and in order forsomething to be true, it has to be eternal o The becoming is all opinion, so it’s not real knowledge, you must look to the being (the divided line)- Aristotle- Acorn Oak Treeo Acorn has a latent potential form of oak tree The potential form is what it could beo Oak Tree is the actual form of what it iso Because of both Actual and Potential form, this is why we can have the knowledge in this real worldImmortality of the Soul:- Aristotle never said whether or not the soul was mortal or immortal, but if he believe that form and matter had to exist together, then logically the soul would have to decompose with the bodyPerception as movement of soul:- Eudemonia (human flourishing/ the good life)- Aristotle believe that happiness is ultimate goalo Telos of human existence - Aristotle believe humans had an innate capacity HinduismAtman (soul, individual) is Brahman and Brahman is Atman.- Capital S or I or R = God- Lower case s or i or r = us- Soul :Brahman (God)- soul: Atman (us)- My self is Self.- My soul is Soul.Samsara “Continuous Flow” - Cycle of Rebirth (why are we stuck?)o Ignorance of true nature of selfo DesireKarma “Action”- Cause and effect- Results in good or bad reincarnationMoksha “releasement” - From the cycle of reincarnation (Samsara)- By releasing ignorance and true nature of self, you become Moksha- True nature of self BuddhismSiddhartha Gautama - He is “the Buddha”- Buddha means “the awakened one or enlightened one”- Buddha’s find the “middle way”- Internal Happiness  everything in this world will go away or change, don’t pay attention to material things, focus on your internal salvation- There can be other Buddha’s, but improbableFour Noble Truths1. Truth of Sufferinga. Life Suffering2. Truth of Cause of Sufferinga. Desire Suffering3. Truth of End of Sufferinga. Suffering can end if you eliminate desire4. Truth of Path Leading to End of Sufferinga. 8 Fold PathEightfold Path: The middle way1. View Eliminating Desire2. Intention3. Speech 4. Action How you treat people5. Livelihood6. Effort7. Mindfulness Discipline Monks take 8. ConcentrationAll will lead you to Nevana- If you do the first 5, in your second life you will come back as a Buddha and be able to reach Enlightenment Dukkha: SufferingAnicca: ImpermanenceAnatma: Know Self- All that exists in the universe is subject to three characteristics: