Psy 246 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Carl Rogers- Fully functioning person- mentally healthyo Openness to experienceo Existential livingo Orgasnistic trusto Experimental freedomo Creativity- Ideal self- what a person feels he or she ought to be like- Real self- the self that contains the actualizing tendency- Congruence- a feeling of consistency between the real self and the ideal self- Actualizing tendency- the force for growth and development that is innate ina ll organisms- Parents should raise their children with unconditional positive regard. - People can change in adulthood, becoming freerMaslow- Hierarchy of needs- ordered progression of motives, from basic physical needs upward to motivate from physical needs upward to motives of the most developed human beings. o Physiological needs (bottom) – safety needs- love and belonging needs- esteem needs – self actualization (top)o The first four levels can be understood as motivation to overcome the feeling of adeficiency and are collectively called deficiency motivationo Basic need- fundamental deficiency need- Self actualization- development of a person's full potential/ transcendence of self. o Estimated that fewer than 1% of people are self actualized o Characteristics of self actualized people Efficient perception of reality Acceptance Spontaneity Problem centered Need for privacy (solitude) Independence of culture and environment (autonomy) Freshness of appreciation peak experiences- mystical states of consciousness characteristic of many but not all self actualized people. Human kinship Interpersonal relationships Ethics and values Discrimination between means and ends Sense of human Creativity- present in all Resistance to acculturation Resolution of dichotomies- Desacralization- loss of a sense of the sacred or spiritual - Positive psychology- current movement in psychology that emphasizes healthy functioning with concern for immediate experience and positive emotions such as happiness.o Three pillars of positive psychology Positive subjective experience- Subjective well being- how happy or satisfied an individual is with his or her life- Flow- a state of deep engagement in an activity that is characteristic of creative individuals- Intrinsic motivation- motivation to perform an activity for its inherent satisfaction (rather than as a means to some other goal)- Money isn't as important for happiness as most people think. - Sense that your life has meaning Positive traits- Optimism- tendency to expect positive rather than negative outcomes- Values and strength- Resiliency- the strength to survive stressful situations or those in which one is mistreated, without experiencing the usual negative consequences of such experiences Positive institutions- potential to improve individual outcomes and to function more effectively - The workplace- Schools o Positive psychology aims to expand on the humanistic legacy by making it more scientific. o Reminds us to feed our understanding for the human potential for goodBuddhist Psychology- the four noble truthso human existence is full of sufferingo suffering arises from internal eventso suffering is not inevitable- it ends when we release our attachmentso following the Eightfold path allows us to release attachments which results in liberation of suffering. - Duhkha- suffering- Middle way- description of the path to Enlightenment by avoiding extremes, such as extreme asceticism of extreme self-indulgence- The Eightfold Patho Right view- accurate perceptions. Recognizing and releasing cognitive distortions. No prejudice. No assumptions. No negative self concept.o Right intention- accepting what is. Not seeking impossible ideal self. Release fromtyranny of shoulds. Not catastrophizing (no "OMG this is the worst ever")o Right speech- assertiveness rather than passivity or hostility. Truth and respect.o Right action- living from your goodness. Simplicity. Respect for others. No self denial-rather care for one self as well as care for otherso Right livelihood- work that gives you meaning and is consistent with your values, ethics, spiritualityo Right effort- enough discipline for your life to work, self compassion when you err, time to play and refresh your spirits.o Right mindfullness- awareness of the forest, not just the trees. Attention to your life and it's patho Right concentration- mindfullness of this moment, living fully engaged in today, embracing universality, understanding interconnections of all being in natural world. - Science perspective vs. 4 noble truthso Human existence is full of sufferingo Attributes suffering to psychological inflexibilityo Teach/learn responding from outside thoughts breaking rigid stimulus. Response patterns can decrease maladaptive behavior- Anicca- nothing lasts forever- Anatta- your independent self is an illusiono No self - Enlightenment- caring for others as much as yourself.o Universal compassion- Nirvana- serene, selfless state.- All people are interconnected- the self is an illusion- Mindfullness- a state of consciousness believe to be conductive to mental, physical, and spiritual health. o Awareness- present moment alert and lively. Attention to external or internal stimuli. o Acceptance- non evaluating. Active and embracing rather than passive and resigned Focused on context rather than contento Techniques- focus on ordinary activity. Observe and attend to stimuli, but do not evaluate. o Mechanisms-exposure-decrease reactivity-self observation-reflective rather than reactive responding o Physiological – nitric oxide release inhibits norephinephrine-inhibits sympathetic NS. Activates dopamine. Decreases pain perceptionBF Skinner- Concept of personality is unnecessary - Over behavior can be completely comprehended in terms of responses to factors in the environment- Operant behavior-spontaneous responses no stimulus necessary, consequences of behavior are reinforcing. So we REPEAT the behavior.- Positive reinforcement- the presentation of a desirable trait. Ex: $ or food- Negative reinforcement- take something away (but it is positive)- Punishment- an event that decreases the probability of a response- Negative punishment- the removal of a desirable condition such as driving privleges.- Positive punishment- presentation of unpleasant condition- such as pain- Objection to radical behaviorism- describes people as not free- situational control- Said there was no need