Psy 246 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Introduction (Chapter 1)- Few answers in psychology remain forever- Most questions are eternal- It DEPENDS- is the most accurate answer in psychology- Gordon Allporto 1st personality psych class in the United Stateso Collected 1800 words to describe traits- Carl Rogerso Humanistic/fully functioning person- Raymond Cattleto Factor analysis-predicts how you behave by traits- Freudo First to talk about personality- B.F. Skinnero Radical behaviorism- said personality was unnecessary- Projective tests are the least reliable and least valid.Sigmund Freud (Chapter 2)- One of the most important thinkers of the last century- Died from nicotine NOT cocaine addiction- Zeitgeist- the time in which you live. The general cultural, intellectual, ethical, spiritual, or political climate within a nation or within specific groups, along with general ambiance, morals, sociocultural direction, and mood dissociated with an era. o The spirit of the times or the spirit of the age- literally- Josef Breuers patient – Anna O. aka Bertha Pappenheim. Used hypnosis on her and then she coined the term "the talking cure"- Free association *insight *catharasis- Hypnosis- Client transference to therapist counter-transference back to client. - The interpretation of dreams (1899) manifest content/ latent content-what people are after- Freudian slips (parapraxes)- Projective tests, Rorschach ink blotso Least amount of reliability- could mean something or nothing. Subjective to the interpreter. Still is the 3rd most frequently used- Thematic apperception Test- better validityo We are driven by libido Energy of all life Eros -Love good creative positivity. Thanatos- death chaos dark confusion- ID- pleasure/EGO-compromise/SUPEREGO-perfectionist- Psychico Of the mindo Mental energy-info processing capacity- Yerkes-Dodson Curveo No anxiety-performance is pathetic. When anxiety is extreme, performance is pathetic also.- Defense mechanism used by ego to lessen anxiety and resolve conflicto Distort or hide certain thoughts and impulses in order to avoid or lessen anxiety ex: denial and laughing- Reaction formation- you are vocal in dislike, while engaging in that thing. Ex: raging homophobia- Projection- attributing unconscious attitude or behavior to another. Ex: criticizing someone for being loud and obnoxious, but so are you- Displacement- mad at one thing, but take it out on something else.- Identification- modeling yourself after another, taking on their attributes as your own.- Rationalization- rational reason that we come up with for doing something that's shameful.- Repression- banishing the past from conscious awareness.- Regression- we result to an earlier form of expressing an impulse- Sublimation- taking a forbidden impulse and turning it into something useful.- 5 psychosexual stageso Stage 1: oral stage- sticking everything in your mouth. If you don't get enough-aggressive. If you get too much-too dependento Stage 2: anal stage- control. "the stuff I do impacts others." Very controlled-orderly and organized toward OCD. Lack of control- slob.o Stage 3: phallic stage- Oedipus complex-love mommy and see daddy as a threato Stage 4: latent stageo Stage 5: genital stage- mature young adult with healthy ego.- Mental health- the ability to love and to work.o Too much emotion- hard to worko Too little emotion- hard to loveCarl Jung (Chapter 3)- 1875-1961- Sex and spirituality- disagreed with Freud- Self-total, integrated personality.- Self realization- telos: purpose or goal that contains the essence and potential of a thing (or person).- Persona- social role, self image- Shadow- unsocial thoughts, feelings, and behaviors- "Wholeness for humans depends on the ability to own their own shadow"- Anima- feminine side of male psych- Animus- masculine side of female psych- Archetype in the collective unconsciouso Collect unconscious: innate knowing thing, true for all human beings that binds us together. o Archetype: a primordial image in the collective unconscious, an innate pattern that influences experience of the real world EX: the hero who represents champion, defender, rescuer or a trickster that represents a deciever, liar, and trouble maker.- Mandala- a symbolic representation of the whole psyche- Complexes- ideas of what something should beo EX: ones complex of a mother can come from your own mother, other moms you know, your own experience being a mother, others experience being a mother, etc. o Word association tests were devised by Jung to reveal complexes- Synchronicity- meaningful coincidence - Psychological types- 8 different personality types (introversion/exxtroversion,thinking/feeling,sensations/intuitions)- INTRApersonal theories: (within) Freud and Jung- INTERpersonal theories: (between) Adler, Erikson, and HorneyAlfred Adler (Chapter 4)- first president of Vienna psychoanalytic society - Social understanding of people- Individual psychology- Growth and free will- we choose our path in life- Wanted women equality and social justice- Superiority- within ourselves—not competing with others. Striving to be better than you were yesterday- Inferiority- physical disabilities- organ inferiority- make accommodations in life to deal with it. o Inferiority complex- a person who cannot successfully compensate for a "felt minus" or feelings of lack of worth.- Perfectus- to be made whole or complete- Creative self- you are the artist of your own personality. Ultimately you develop yourself into your creative self- Fictional finalism- story that is our goal. Your idea of what you want your life to be. - Style of lifeo 1.) Ruling- dominate others, arrogant, overbearing, leader, high achievero 2.)Getting- dependent, passive, waiting for people to take care of them, result of a pampered child, more frequent in females, needy/helpless.o 3.) Avoiding-difficult time engaging with others, detached, cold, grew up thinking the world is a hostile place, isolated.o 4.)Socially useful-act in ways that benefit others, artists&poets, musicians, adding colors in life, teach us how to see and feel. The one healthy lifestyle. - Social interest- urge to adapt to conditions of our social environment, feeling of universality. Main criterion for psychological health- The 3 tasks of life ~ work, love, and social interaction.- Freud said that Adler failed to recognize the importance of the unconscious. Erik Erikson (Chapter 5)- 1902-1994- Became a Harvard professor, but never