PSY 246 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Chapters: 7-9 Gordon Allport- Lexical hypothesiso In English language, there are a lot of words about personality traits; it must be importanto The idea that a concept is important to a group of people- there will be many words to refer to that concept in their language- Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to the environment. o Personality is effected by environmento Also predicts behavioro Consistent over time- Qualities of a normal mature adulto Extension of the sense of self – get lost in activitieso Warm human interaction o Emotional securityo Realistic perception skills and assignmentso Self-objectification (insight and humor)o Unifying the philosophy of life- A trait is a theoretical construct describing a basic dimension of personality o Allport's View on Traits Primary unit of personality Consistent Enduring  Unique to each of us Give us the ability to respond to what happens to us- **Allport reading on blackboard**- Two fundamentals of personality psycho Our personalities are consistent over timeo Our personalities interact with the environment to produce our behavior (situations do matter)- Central traits consist of perhaps a half dozen traits that best describe a persono Examples Funny Happy Independent Weird Sarcastic- Secondary traits are those that reflect consistency but don't affect one's behavior as much as central traits do- Cardinal traits are those that are so pervasive that it dominates nearly all of a person's behavioro Eponymous: of, relating to, or being the person or thing for whom or which something isnamedo Example: Marquis de Sade – sadistic- Functional – relating to a function, serving a purpose- Autonomy – independence, freedom, self-directed; doesn't matter how you develop a traito Maintain that trait because it does something for you in the present - Functional autonomy holds that a person's traits exist because of their importance during their present life - Propriumo A person's sense of self or egoo The striving part of our being that gives us intentionality and direction - On religion role in personality psycho Extrinsic religious orientation is using religion for selfish purposes, status, friendship/companionship, comforto Intrinsic religious orientation deals with incorporating religious values into one's own belief system – loving others, doing good things for their own sake rather than personal gaino Assumption- because religion teaches love, it should reduce prejudice. o Research results- people who attend church are more prejudice than those who don't attend church.o People who use religion for selfish purpose are more racially prejudice (extrinsic) o People who incorporate religious values into their belief systems are more prejudice against homosexuals. (intrinsic) Raymond Catell- "Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation"- 16 source traits (sources) fundamental traits of personality – 16 PFo Used factor analysiso If you know 16 things about a person, you should know their personality- Fluid intelligence- innate ability to learn- 5 second-order factorso Extraversion Comparable to extraversion on NEO Warmth, liveliness, social boldness, privateness, self-relianceo Stability Comparable to neuroticism on NEO Emotional stability, vigilance, apprehension, tensiono Self-control Comparable to conscientiousness on NEO Liveliness, rule-consciousness, abstractedness, perfectionism, reasoning.o Accomodating/independence  Dominance, social boldness, vigilance, openness to change.o Receptivity/toughmindedness  Comparable to openness on NEO Warmth, sensitivity, abstractedness, openness to change. - Big Five- Costa and McCrae developed a called the NEO-PT to measure how much of each of the Big Five factors an individual posessess * use the acronym OCEAN o Each of the Big Five factors consists of more precise descriptors called facets (ex: warm, gregarious, assertiveness etc.)o Neuroticism- high scores- emotional instability. Low scores- emotional stabilityo Extraversiono Opennesso Conscientiousness o Agreeableness- high scores tend to avoid hostility/conflict- Eysenck 3 traitso Extraversiono Neuroticism Think "unstable" emotionso Psychoticism  Less constrained, more open. More the eccentric and creative genius Think combo of aggressiveness, creativity, impulsiveness- Jack Blocko Ego Control Think "impulsive control" Are you over or undercontrolled?o Ego resiliency Psychological adjustment Can you balance your levels of control or stuck on one level?- Undercontrol gets you in trouble, resilience gets you out.- Auke Tellegeno 1.)positive emotionality o 2.) negative emotionalityo 3.)constraint- Henry Murray 20 traits or "needso Needs- A force in the brain that organizes our perception, understanding and behavior in such a way as to change an unsatisfying situation and increase our satisfaction.o A need may be aroused by an internal state, such as hunger, or an external stimulus, such as food.o Examples of all 20 needs are on BlackBoardSfasdfSadfa- Personal Genome Projecto "nature-nurture debate is over.. All human behavioral traits are heritableo READ ARTICLE ON BLACK BOARDo Nature- genetic inheritenceo Nurture- your environment (EX: culture, family, friends, education etc)- Evolved psychological mechanismo Process evolved to help solve problem relating to survival and reproduction Men are more likely to be jealous when women have sexual relations with someone else, than if she were to fall inlove with someone new Women are more likely to be jealous if their man falls in love with someone else.  If you are gay, you will use your resources (time, money, love) to care for their siblings children- Kin altruismo The principle that natural selection favors those who risk their own lives or welfare to improve the survival and reproductive prospects of their genetic relatives- Eysenck's PEN model- 3 factorso Psychoticismo Extraversiono Neuroticismo Biologically peoples nervous systems are wired differently For example introverts already have too much arousal- Temperment- amygdala (emotions)- Genotype- the inherited genetic profile of an individual- Phenotype- the developed characteristic that can be observed in an individual based on both geneticand environmental