Changing Women’s Roles1. Changing views on sexEarly Christian traditions- Based on idea of chastity- Sex only during marriage- Marriage is sacred- Sex no for enjoyment or pleasureo Limited positions of the acto Sex only for reproduction- Disobeying sexual “laws” seen as sinful- Protestant reformation (1500s) changed many views about sexPuritan sexuality- Sex was only allowed during marriage- Marriage was the only legitimate place for sex and children- Premarital and extramarital affairs harshly punished- Outlawed behavior- Masturbation, fornication, buggery, adultery, and sodomyPlymouth- Capital offenses (punishable by whipping, branding, banishment or death)o Sodomyo Rapeo Buggery (bestiality)- Adulteryo If a woman was married, both could be put to deatho If man married, woman unmarried, only a whippingo Not uncommon for more symbolic punishments- Fornicationo Fines$$Victorian Sexuality (1800s-Early 1900s)- Men were entitled to sex- Women allowed sex only after marriage- Women expected to be virgins- Men expected to have extramarital affairs- Women expected to look away- Women who were not white were viewed as promiscuousVictorian Rules- Women lose their property rights upon marriage- Custody of children belongs to father unless they are younger than 6- Women were seen as “unclean” during menstruation and also believed to be the carries of STD’s2. Birth Control and AbortionBefore the industrial revolution- Condoms (animal intestines or linens)- Douches (made from household items- Miscarriage- inducing herbs- Sponges and other cervical caps1800s - IUDs - Rubber condoms- Douching- Cervical caps/sponges- Male capsBirth Control and Abortion- 1800s- 1859- AMA condemns abortion- 1860 beginning of the birth control movement- 1873 the U.S. criminalizes birth control, calling contraceptives “obscene material”- 1875 Every state in the U.S. has banned abortion- 1882 Diaphragm invented in Germany- Condoms or “sheaths” already used- animal intestinesMargaret Sanger**- American nurse, Birth Control Movement- Coined the phrase ”birth control” was arrested for it- Founded the Birth Control League- 1917**o Later known as planned parenthoodo First birth control clinic1920- Rhythm Method developed (Nat. Family Planning)- Only acceptable method of birth control by churched besides abstinenceAbstinence- Encouraged due to the high # of soldiers contracting STDs- High prostitution use- Encouraged condom use for men1957- Enovid- first birth control pill on the market- By 1959- 500,000 American women using it- Other brands types still followed1965- Griswold v. Connecticut case instituted private use of birth control without penalty for married women1972- Eisenstadt v. Baird- unmarried women allowed right to use birth control1973 - Roe v. Wade legalization of Abortion in the United StatesAbortion after Roe vs. WadeStates immediately began instituting limitations on abortion- When it would occur- Husband or parental consent- Banning federal funding for abortion clinics- Banning federal aid for women to receive abortion- Eliciting waiting period or mandatory counseling prior to abortion - Allows hospitals choice of administering abortionsAbortion statistics- In 20009, there were 1,212,400 legal abortion- 18.1% 19 years and under- 33.4% 20-24- 48.5%> 24 years old- 18.4% married- 81.6% unmarried- 53,310,843 total abortions since 1973Abortion Information- 88% of all abortions in the US are obtained within the first 12-13 weeks after the 1st menstrual period - 88% of all U.S. counties have no identifiable abortion provider- 1,212,400 abortions in 2009Reasons women choose abortion **1. Wants to postpone childbearing 25.5%2. Can’t afford a baby 21.3%Why abortions are performed- The overwhelming majority of all abortions, (95%) are done as a means of birth control- Only 1% are performed because of rape or incest; 1% because or fetal abnormalities; 3% due to the mother’s health problems2 types of adoptionMedical Abortion- takes meds to induce a miscarriageRU-486 - Known as the “abortion pill”- Can be used up until the first 2 months of pregnancy- Will cause an abortion or prevent conception- Currently legal in all 50 statesSurgical Abortion- most common, have fetus removed by the doctorPlan B - Emergency birth control- Up to 72 hours after unprotected sex- Prevents conception- Available without a prescriptionMajority of American believe abortion should be legal under some circumstances(20-23 except sexual harassment not on