Disease Transfers-The spread of disease from one place to anotherColumbian exchange - Disease & its effect on natives- Native American population dropped from 12 million in North America to 237,000 smallpoxAssimilation - Take on characteristics of host culture, behavior & attitudes…- While losing or stopping their ownIndentured servants- Property pf master - Sold their labor in exchange for somethings often to pssage to the new world- Could not vote, marry, buy anything, leave their home- 4-7 years of servitude- Provided clothing, 2 hoes, three barrels of corn, 50 acres of land when free- Penalties made time longerSlave- Property of masterIntroducing the colonies to slaves- First slaves arrived in 1619- By 1675 only 4,000 black slaves in colonies- By 1700o Black slaves found in all 3 colonieso 70% of South Carolina population made up of black slaves/ indentured servantso 40% of Virginia population made up of black slaves/indentured servants- By 18000 nearly 18% of the .S. population were black slavesRole of colonial blacks- Initially indentured servants and slaves- As slavery grew more popular, blacks regardless of status were stripped of rights and forced into slaveryo Especially in Southern statesVirginia (1600s)- Granted blacks the ability to buy their freedom, own lands & servants- 1662, children given by law same status of mother- 1667, law established preventing freedom from baptism- 1670, free blacks could not own white servants- 1671, first miscegenation laws (in and out of marriage)Stonewall Rebellion**Other Laws (after 1670)- No testifying in court- Cannot own property- Congregating in public prohibited by groups larger than 2 or 3- Property owners could NOT free slaves- No legal marriagesComparing white and black women in 17000- Started families at same ages- Spaced children close together- Nursed children- More unmarried black women than white womenThe slave family in the 1700s- Two parent household- Parents taught gender appropriate skills to children- Monogamous sexual relationships- African culture mixed with white influenceSlaves in America- 1600s- less than 4,000- 1790- 750,000- 1820- 1,500,000- 1860- 4,000,000Obtaining independence family life while a slave difficult- Shared households- Separate living & sleeping quarters- Children separated from adults- Work separated everyone- Spouses on different plantationso Limited in time togetherSlave Children- Likely to be sold away from their parents- Often households separately from parents- Children couldn’t call parent “mom and dad”o Whites took away parental authorityThe threat of sale**- A slave had a 50/50 chance of being sold at least once- Biggest fear for slaves was to be forced to leave their family- Many runaway slaves ran away to find and go to other family membersSeparation of families- Debt, a master’s death, or wealth from sales separated family -- members - families remained connected despite members departures- Slave communities took responsibility for each other, children addressed all adults as “aunt, uncle” and peers and “brother, sister”- Sense of community and togetherness very strong**Consequences of running away- If caught they were punishes/tortured- Whipping- Branding “R”- Cut off ear (s)- Castration (for males)Living Conditions- Poor housing- Unsanitary living conditions- Cramped, overcrowded living/sleeping quarters- Lack of upkeep on clothing and medical careLow life Expectancy- 35 years old- Few lived to see 50Sexual Abuse- Female slaves used for breeding more slaves- Female used as sex slaves for white owners- Slave traders in the South kept women as “breeders” in which their primary job was to have babies Indentured servant--> slave-->free-->sharecropper-->Bound--> cycle repeatedNew challenges- Slavery to sharecropping- Locating family members- Nothing to something- Finding workTelling of native americans is romanticized and