Question 8From the first day when we watched Misunderstanding China in class I have beendroning on about how our ways of thinking about China are very much shaped by ourcurrent historical moment and our particular outlooks (what psychology majors mightlike to call “confirmation bias.) Write an essay where you give at least 3 examplesfrom our readings and lectures of precisely this kind of “seeing what we want tosee;” in other words, examples of Americans (or other non-Chinese people)(mis)understanding China in particular historical moments/contexts in order to shapetheir image of China to a particular purpose. NOTE: If you would like you canalso give examples of how Chinese people or Chinese governments in specifichistorical moments have (mis)interpreted their own culture or history for specificpurposes.o Stereotype #1: China is a closed, isolated country§ Stereotype likely came from the fact that the Qing dynasty isolated itself as itbecame weaker§ Possible body points to contradict this stereotype:· General trade and diplomacy in the tributary system· Surge of Imports/Exports during the Song Dynasty· Zheng He’s overseas journeys during the Ming Dynasty· Cosmopolitan Tan Dynasty and the inflow and outflow of foreigners,· Flow of information among foreign countries Mongol Yuan Dynastyo Stereotype #2: Do Chinese people have a sense of superiority over other countries?§ Stereotype would have likely came from the tributary system§ Possible body points to contradict this stereotype:· Many events in the late Qing:o First and Second Opium War: China was weak after the Opium War and evenweaker after the second (forced to adopt Westphalian norms at the expense of Chinesecultureo Ryukyu incident, 1st Sino-Japanese war, and Sino-French War all weakened thetribute system· Tong Dynasty: Adopted a lot of foreign ideals, hairstyles, etc. as opposed toenforcing a certain set of ideals· Song Dynasty: Had to pay tribute to the Jin· Yuan Dynasty: Han Chinese were ruled by the Mongols and, overall, China wasone component of the vast Mongol Empireo Stereotype #3: The idea that there is just one universal China or similarity amongAsians§ Possible body points to contradict this stereotype:§ Division between China proper and Western territories such as Xinjiang, Tibet,which have different cultures (i.e. Dalai Lama in Tibet) etc.§ Many dynasties are filled with a variety of Asian people and races· Tang Dynasty: Mongol – Turkish Mix/Hano Openness to a variety of foreigners such as Arabs, Jews, Indians, Malayans, etc.and the diversity in Constantinople· Yuan Dynasty: Han Chinese were ruled by Mongols and had to assimilate to thevarious peoples of the Mongol Empire (Persians, Europeans, etc.· Qing Dynasty: Manchus had to find ways to preserve their identity as well as theidentities of the races it ruled. For example, it preserved its identity through traditionsuch as the 8 banner military system, but adopted to the Confucian based CivilService Exam of the Han and let Tibet keep the Dalai Lamao Stereotype #4: China does not have a cultural presence in the world§ Possible body points to contradict this stereotype:· Influence of Confucianism in the tribute system and thus a large basis in secondarycountries such as Korea, China, etc. Not open? Closed and isolated?● false○ Zhou Enlai - premier of state council and foreign minister■ persuaded indian gov to accept China’s occupation of Tibet in 1950 and 1951■ attended Stalin’s funeral in Soviet Union-- didn’t stand with “foreign” dignitaries, stood with USSR officials■ Then Khrushchev himself visited Peking to take part in fifth-anniversary celebrations of PRC■ Worked to tighten relations with other communist states■ signed economic and cultural agreement with Mongolian People’s Republic■ signed formal agreement with North Korea to help in postwar reconstruction of economy■ forged close ties with Vietnam to help them gain independence from France■ Had talks with prime minister of India, coining “Peaceful Coexistence”○ Great shift in Chinese diplomatic visibility■ Zhou Enlai went to Geneva in 1954, helped settle Franco-Vietnamese War■ Credited with helping the powers iron out an agreement■ symbol: tried to shake hands with anti-communist Dulles (US sec of state), who denied him, had lunch with Charlie Chaplin (lol