Question 2One reason we have been looking at history in this class has been to help us put someof China’s 20th century and contemporary geo-political conflicts and tensions intohistorical perspective. On the most basic level, the point has been made repeatedlythat for centuries diplomacy in East Asia was conducted very differently from 19thcentury European/Western model based on the Westphalian system (a system which,with a few revisions, is generally accepted by almost every nation in the world today).Specify three points of procedure or principles in which the fundamentaldiplomatic and government norms practiced by the Qing empire (and by otherpre-19th century East Asian countries like Korea, Vietnam, Japan, etc) differedfrom or conflicted with those of the Western nation-state diplomatic system, andgive at least one example in each case of how these differences in understandingwere related to specific international conflicts, tensions or events involving 19thand/or 20th century Qing/China.Imperial government: decentralizedUnable to improve economic efficiencyTaiping rebellion while Europe bloomedTribute system: no sense of sovereigntySuperiority, no legal equality/sovereigntyAsymmetrical, less interested in foreign cultureCanton system was successful but failed to recognize foreign powerSelf-sustainability: tried to remain closed; viewed trade as unimportant, inferiorOpium
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