GEOG 1000 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Unit 5 3 30 Political economic geography Liberalism worldview based on liberty and equality sovereignty of the individual Socialism social democracy communism Political economy set of principles and institutions by which its economy is organized Types of Capitalistic approaches Laissez faire hands off minimize government role economic liberalism State directed capitalism state heavily involved in regulating the economy Neoliberalism western world transitioning to laissez faire Latin America reversals of neoliberalism Crony capitalism markers look free but are actually manipulated by government to favor certain people Employment Flexible labor market easy to hire and fire Protected labor market harder to fire National Trade Policies World Trade Organization WTO supervises the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT Restrict imports by Tariffs increase the price of imports revenue for treasury Quotas sets a maximum limit on imports no gov revenue Safety health and other regulations Trade and Industrialization Comparative advantage resources labor skills and technology level available Law of comparative advantage would have developing countries only specialize in raw materials However these countries want to add value and move to secondary sector Support policies import substitution and export oriented industrialization Infant industries newly developing industries cannot compete with imports Protected by import substitution trade tariffs and quotas Export processing zones attract foreign investment because of tax advantage and no gov t barriers Advantages of Export Oriented Industrialization EOI 1 Improve economies of scale by expanding market for higher output levels 2 Expansion of industry is not limited by expansion of internal markets for industrial goods 3 Creation of economies of network cost saving because of linkages Geography of Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment FDI creates significant new capital in countries around the world Has grown faster than world trade and world output Most FDI between rich countries In developing countries strongest in Latin America East Asia and Southeast Asia Patterns of investment tend to be clustered with neighboring regions UNIT 6 Spaces of Power Politics 3 30 4 3 Political geography Territory Territory spaces defended contested claimed against claims of others Territoriality the attempt by an individual or group to influence or establish control over a demarcated Mutually presuppose can t have one without the other We have Territorial states because we rely on the earth for production Inclusion vs Exclusion Inclusive can receive citizenship if requested Exclusive strong boarders no refugees allowed in Nation vs State State an independent political unit having sovereignty over a territory Nation a community of people with a common ancestry culture and territory Nation State a nation having sovereignty over a territory Some nationalities do not have state status which is the root of many conflicts wars National self determination Woodrow Wilson the map of Europe was redrawn Irredentism claiming territory in neighbor states having the same cultural group Increase of number of states State cohesiveness Centripetal forces bind state together Centrifugal forces split state apart Centripetal forces 1 Nationalism felling of allegiance a Iconography use of national symbols 2 Unifying institutions a Public schools military church in some countries national media 3 Organization and Administration 4 Transportation Centrifugal Forces 1 Sub nationalism right to self determination has not been recognized want to split state 2 Regionalism desire for more autonomy or even secession Failed states collapse of some states in which the central government cannot maintain control Ethnic cleansing forcible removal of different ethnic groups Genocide the intentional elimination by death of an ethnic racial or religious group Geographic Characteristics of States 1 Size a Large states advantage resources disadvantage transportation b mini states fewer than a million people 2 Shape affect its internal organization a Compact transportation advantages b Elongated very inefficient c Prorupted compact with narrow extensions d Perforated an area with a hole in it e Fragmented island groups i Exclaves part of one state detached by territory of another state ii Enclave international hole 3 Location a Relative location b Landlocked disadvantage Boundaries Territorial sovereignty three dimensional includes air space and ground Types of political boundaries 1 Natural physical rivers coastlines mountains 2 Geometric artificial parallel lines or meridians 3 Cultural drawn in respect to population a Antecedent created before highly populated not disruptive b Subsequent created after development i Consequent to separate cultural groups ii Superimposed by an external force colonial ruler Relic boundary no longer boundary Berlin wall Great Wall of China Disputes 1 Positional conflict over location 2 Territorial conflict over ownership 3 Resource conflict over how to share the wealth 4 Functional conflict over interaction immigration Territorial Subdivision and systems of representation Core area highest population most important cities Unitary states highly centralized governments Federal states strong regional governments Special purpose districts federal owned land Political fragmentation problem financially expensive and inefficient Districting and redistricting for representation US Census every 10 years to determine state representation Gerrymandering drawing political boundaries to favor one political party International relations among states Recognition where one state formally recognizes the existence of another state Diplomatic relations treaties bilateral and multilateral Supranationalism states willing to forego some sovereignty in exchange for recognition and share of international resources Jurisdiction over open spaces International law of the sea United Nations convention on the law of the sea UNCLOS 1 Territorial Sea full sovereignty but allows innocent passage 2 Contiguous Sea enforce customs and immigration 3 Exclusive economic zone manage natural resources mining and fishing rights 4 High Seas open to all states Landlocked states can gain access to the high seas by Navigable river open corridor of land or a port with freedom of transit Planes have never been grated passage over countries negotiate