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UConn GEOG 1000 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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Exam # 1 Study Guide Unit 1 (1/21 – 1/29)What is Geography?Part one: Defining GeographyPhysical Geography (natural science) vs Human Geography (social science)Geographers use cartography, GPS, and GIS to map and analyze geographic data.GreeksEratosthenes: first geography textHipparchus: longitude and latitudeFundamental Geographical conceptsSpace: objects have a relative position and directionLocation: object in relation to othersScale: map resolutionPlace: a geographical localeGeography is a synthetic discipline that studies the world as a variety of interacting systems through space.System: a set of connected parts working together as a wholeExample: a cityPart two: Geographical Approaches3 Major Approaches1.Area Analysis – surveys, describes and collects data about placesSiteExact location (longitude and latitude)SituationRelative location (very dynamic – trading ex: Silk Road)RegionsFormal – relatively uniform ex: Climate regions1. Area class regions – fuzzy boundary, transition zones2. Choroplethic regions – well defined boundariesFunctional – definite center or node ex: Commuter Shed Vernacular – popular perception ex: New England2.Spatial AnalysisDistributionDensity – frequency of occurrenceConcentration – cluster, perfectly concentrated, perfectly disperse GEOG 1000 1st EditionPattern – geometrical arrangementMovement – is displacement and has an origin and destinationFriction of Distance – cost/effort to overcome distanceDistance Decay Shorter distance = more human interactionGreater distance = less human interaction Tobler's 1st Law – everything is related to each other. Relationships are stronger closer and weaker when the distance is greater Spatial Diffusion – ideas, innovation or product dispersed outwardsCenters of innovation = hearths1. Contagious diffusion Person to person, place to place Strongly effected by distance decay2. Hierarchical DiffusionMass media transfer Ideas go up and down hierarchy- level of importance - cities then towns3. Relocation DiffusionEpidemic of diseaseMove to new area and decrease intensity4. Expansion Diffusion Outward spread from origin and increase in density near originBarriers to Diffusion – distance, cost, physical/cultural barriers, psychological3. Geographic Systems Analysis – Interrelated environmental and human systemsa. Components = objects, flows (relationships), boundaryb. Positive Feedback = self-reinforcing, promotes instabilityc. Negative Feedback = self-regulation, promotes equilibriumEcology Abiotic - nonlivingBiotic - livingEcosystem – everything is interconnected Culture – patterns of learned behavior Natural landscape  cultural landscapePart three: Describing the EarthGrid system = latitude and longitudeLatitude – north to southAngular distance from equatorLadderLongitude – east to westAngular distance from prime meridianTime zones based on longitudeEarth split into Northern Hemisphere and Southern HemisphereMap = flatScaleLarge = small area coveredSmall= large area coveredProjection - the transfer from curved earth to flat mapDistortion of at least one (area, shape, distance or direction)Conformal projections – preserve shapeEquidistant projections – preserve scaleAzimuthal projections – preserve directionCylindrical - tangent to equatorConic - tangent to a parallel line Planar- tangent to a single pointGeneral purpose map - multiple uses/attributesThematic - single useUnit 2a (1/30 – 2/6) Climate and WeatherPart one: Energy and WeatherTropic of Cancer = 23 ½ degrees N (latitude line)Summer solsticeTropic of Capricorn = 23 ½ degrees S (latitude line)Winter solsticeSolar RadiationFrequency – number of waves in a given time, measured in micrometerShort wave (red and low energy)  Gamma rays (purple and high energy)Solar Constant – Langley/minInsolation – solar energy intercepted by the surface of the earthEarths tilt is why we have seasonsHeat TransfersRadiation from the sun is either reflected back, absorbed by the atmosphere or transmitted to the earth Albedo – the percentage of radiant energy reflected back Highest for snowCondensation, evaporation, convectionConvection is vertical, advection is horizontal movement of airPart two: Precipitation and Circulation PatternsPrecipitationRelative Humidity – amount of water present in the airDew Point – temperature at which sir become saturatedPrecipitation only occurs when large air masses are rapidly cooledAdiabatic cooling – the decrease in temperature that results from the expansion of rising air3 ways air moves precipitation1. Convectional uplift – warm air rising above warm surfaces2. Orographic uplift – marine air over mountain ranges3. Frontal uplift – cold front (cold moves under warm) warm front (warm moves over cold)Circulation patterns Low pressure occurs where air is less dense – cyclone (air is ascending)High pressure occurs where air is denser – anti-cyclone (air is descending)Air moves from high to low pressureMonsoonWinter – wind pattern is cold dry wind towards the seaSummer – wind pattern is warm moist wind toward land – results in heavy rainCoriolis Effect – caused by the rotation of the earth – reason why storms rotate Stronger near the poles compared to the equatorPart three: Climate and Climate ChangeClimate – a long term pattern and variation in temperature and precipitationAir temperature varies with latitude, elevation and proximity to the oceanMore precipitation near equator and less in the subtropical regionsKoppen letter systemA – Tropical Af – tropical rainforest constantly wetAw – tropical wet and dry – Monsoon and SavannaB – DryBW – deserts BWk (cold desert) BWh (hot desert)BS – Steppes – mild desertC – Warm Mid-latitudeCs – MediterraneanCfa & Cw – Humid subtropicalD – Cold Mid-latitudeDfa, Dwa, Dfb, Dwb – humid continentalDfc, Dwc, Dfd, Dwd – SubarcticE – Polar ClimatesET – TundraEF – Ice CapGlobal warming – sea levels rising ex: island of TuvaluUnit 2b (2/11 – 2/16)Physical GeographyPart one: Landforms:1. Tectonic Forces – push, move and raise the Earth’s surface2. Gradational Forces – wash and wear down the Earth’s surfaceLandforms built by a set of endogenic processes (tectonic forces) and exogenic processes (gradational forces)Plate TectonicsContinental plates and oceanic platesDivergent plate boundaries – plates move away from each other – mid-oceanic ridges


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