01 27 2014 Chapters 1 and 2 Formal Region common characteristic internal homogeneity Sets it apart from surrounding areas Functional Region A region that is linked to others for common use o Tourism o Communication o Transportation o Trade culture Perceptual or vernacular regions Boundaries are fluid disputed regions North and South Korea Midwest Upstate new york Location Absolute location o Based on a precise and accepted system of coordinates Mathematical location Latitude and longitude geographical coordinates Other grid systems e g street address and township range and section property description Relative location o Position in relation to other places or things o Expresses spatial interconnection and interdependence of places o May carry social and economic implications Ex Chicago in the 1800s Site and situation Site Situation Direction o a physical and cultural characteristics of the place itself o absolute location concept o External relations of a place how is it related to other areas consider economic political social and cultural factors o Expression of relative location Absolute direction Relative direction o Based on the cardinal points N S E W o Culturally based and locationaly variable out west Distance Absolute distance o Uses a linear measurement unit such as miles or kilometers Relative distance o Distance expressed in units more meaningful to human experience or decision making e g Time distance Travel cost Themes of Geography Regions Location Place Movement Human environmental interaction Spatial Distribution Analyzes the physical demographic human economic and cultural characteristics of the earths surface Physical landforms climate vegetation soil water bodies Demographic age gender race ethnicity Economic agriculture industry trade income occupation Cultural language religion education customs traditions skills Spatial Variation Analyzes how and why physical demographic economic and cultural characteristics vary from place to place Reasons for Spatial Variation and natural resources Differences in physical location climate proximity to the coast Spatial diffusion the spread of ideas things and people from one place to another Eg US Mexico border the silk road Historical factors colonial influences historical events Eg west Africa south America the Moghul empire Spatial interactions Occurs on two levels o Spatial relationships interdependence between areas o Human environment interactions spatial relationships at the global scale things manufactured in Asia and sent to consumers in North America Human environmental interactions Analyze how humans respond to the environment and how the environment responds to human action How do humans respond to the environment o Agriculture weather climate soil rainfall and temperature determines what crops are grown o Natural resource extraction oil gas minerals o Settlement patters mostly along fertile river valleys the Nile river in Egypt the yellow river in china o Hazard events coping and adapting to changes in environment earthquakes floods drought ect How does the environment respond to human action Deforestation leads to flooding Excessive use of fertilizer soil and land degradation Land fills lead to water contamination large cities in developing countries Mumbai India Lagos Nigeria Overfishing endanger fish species Blue fine tuna sturgeon Large scale construction environmental impacts hydroelectricity Damming of the Colorado river affects spawning grounds of salmon Global Warming Physical Geography Chapter 3 01 27 2014 Geomorphology over time Study of the origin characteristics and development of landforms Combines study in geology and physical geography Two types of forces interact to produce landforms Forces that push move and raise the earths surface o Plate tectonics Forces that scour wash and wear down the surface Movement of continents Theory of continental drift o Proposed by Alfred Wegener o All land masses were once united in a super continent called Pangea Plate tectonics Lithosphere outermost layer f the earth crust and upper mantle o Divided into 12 large plates o Continental crust and oceanic crust Asthenosphere partially liquid because of heat and pressure from core rock material Partially molten Mantle supports partially molten asthenosphere and the solid lithosphere Plate tectonics Plate Boundaries Plate tectonics theory movement of plates above the semi molten asthenosphere o Possibly due to the process of convection Convergent Divergent Transform Convergent Plate Boundary Two plates are moving towards each other Also known as subduction zones o Denser oceanic crust dips subducts below the lighter continental crust Characteristics of convergent plate boundaries o Deep sea trench o Volcanic mountain ranges o Earthquakes o Andes mountain range South America Divergent plate boundaries Two plates moving away from each other A rift valley is created and a mid oceanic rift Characteristics of divergent plate boundaries o Rift valleys o Also a lot of lakes because of big depressions that collect water o Mid Atlantic ridge Transform plate boundaries Plates move horizontally past each other Transform faults fractures that occur along the boundary plates come into contact extreme pressure and tension Characteristics earthquakes San Andres fault o North ridge earthquake 1994 Tectonic forces Diastrophism Volcanism Diastrophism Folding Faulting Volcanism o Earth force that folds faults twists and compresses rocks o Earth force that transports subsurface materials to or toward the surface of the earth o Layers of rock are forced o When places are colliding with brittle crust transform faults or rift valleys can be formed Volcanic activity usually at or near plate boundaries o Convergent and divergent Types of volcanoes o Strato or composite volcano explosive form steep slopes o Shield volcano non explosive gentle slopes Magma travels to the surface along breaks or cracks in the earths Volcanism Hot spots crust As the plate moves above the hot spot volcanic islands form Hawaiian islands Summary Theory of plate tectonics Convection Types of plate boundaries Plate move above the semi molten asthenosphere The process responsible for plate movement Divergent convergent transform Characteristics of convergent plate boundaries deep ocean trenches volcanic mountains earthquakes characteristics of divergent plate boundaries mid ocean ridges rift valleys tectonic forces diastrophism volcanism folding plate movements