10/8/20131Clickers and QuizzesThe filaments that (most) fungi produce to absorb nutrients are called:a. root hairs.b. ectomycorrhizae.c. hyphae.d. chitins.e. fruiting bodies.Which of the following fungal structures aids in spore dispersal?a. fruiting bodiesb. septac. myceliad. porese. hyphaeFungi include:a. yeasts.b. decomposers.c. pathogens.d. smuts.e. All of the above.10/8/20132A monophyletic group isA. a node on a phylogenetic treeB. a phylogenetic treeC. all of the taxa on a branch of a phylogenetic tree, excluding the most recent common ancestorD. all of the taxa on a branch of a phylogenetic tree, including the most recent common ancestor5How old are the earliest fossils of eukaryotes as defined by the superkingdoms?a. 200 million yearsb. 800 million yearsc. 1200 million yearsd. 1800 million yearsWhat causes amoeboid feeding cells of cellular slime molds to aggregate into a large multicellular “slug” form?a. mitosisb. starvationc. migrationd. pollinatione. maturationWhich of the following explains why photosynthesis is widely but discontinuously distributed throughout the eukaryotic tree?a. Photosynthesis was acquired early in evolution, but then lost.b. Photosynthesis was acquired multiple times through endosymbiosis.c. All eukaryotes are capable of photosynthesis, but it is repressed in some cases.d. Some eukaryotes evolved photosynthetic pathways separate from chloroplasts.10/8/20133Which molecule is oxidized in the photosynthetic reaction?a. CO2b. H2Oc. C6H12O6d. sunlightWhat is the most abundant protein on Earth?a. Rubiscob. CO2c. 3-PGAd. NADPHWhat is the initial carbon input in the Calvin cycle?a. C6H12O6b. Triose phosphatec. CO2d. RubiscoWhat wavelengths of light can carotenoids not absorb?a. greenb. bluec. oranged. purple10/8/20134A carpel is…A. Ovary, anther, and styleB. Anther, style, and stigmaC. Style, stigma, and stamenD. Stigma, style, and ovaryE. Stamen, ovary, and antherEndosperm is a tissue that is present in which of the following structures?a. the eggs of green algaeb. the spores of bryophytesc. the spores of lycophytesd. the seeds of gymnospermse. the seeds of angiospermsIn what type of seeds would Pfrbe most abundant?a. in seeds within a deciduous forestb. in seeds within a rainforestc. in seeds within an open fieldd. in seeds exposed to far-red light for a long period of timee. in seeds kept in the dark for a long period of timeWhat functions do roots and shoots perform for the plant?A. Osmosis and absorption of waterB. Collection and transportation of nutrientsC. Recycling and re-use of waste materialsD. Cell transport and induction1610/8/20135During germination,A. seed coats provide nutrition to the developing embryoB. endosperm, if present, provides nutrition to the developing embryoC. hypocotyl hooks are the first structures to emerge from the seed coat in eudicotsD. all of the organs a plant will have at maturity are present in the embryoE. All of the above are true for at least some species17If growth rings result from different cell sizes, what causes different cell sizes?• A. Environmental conditions• B. Length of time the plant has been alive• C. The amount of secondary tissues present• D. Cell differentiation18Quiz #1 Fall 20131. At the end of mitosis the daughter cells are ____, at the end of meiosis the daughter cells are _____.A. haploid; diploidB. diploid; haploidC. diploid; polyploidD. polyploid; haploid10/8/201362. Why does meiosis result in more genetic variation than can be explained by mutation alone?A. meiosis IIB. The egg and sperm have more chromosomes.C. crossing overD. Not all the DNA gets replicated.3. After mitosis, cytoplasm is divided between the two daughter cells in a process known as___.A. cloningB. cytokinesisC. binary fissionD. G1 phase4. What is the main limitation of cell size?A. diffusionB. bulk transportC. oxygenD. cell membrane strength5. A parent cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells in the process of mitosis. For mitosis to take place _____.A. the parent cell must first dissolve its nuclear membraneB. the parent cell must first replicate its entire genomeC. the parent cell must first achieve a specified sizeD. the parent cell must divide its original DNA in half10/8/201376. What is one possible mechanism for the immense diversity observed in complex multicellular organisms?A. mutations in non-regulatory genesB. mutations in essential genesC. interactions with the environmentD. a lack of cell walls7. When did the first complex multicellularorganisms appear?A. 50 million years agoB. 575 million years agoC. 1800 million years agoD. 2400 million years ago8. Some cells have several nuclei per cell. How could such multinucleated cells be explained?A. The cell underwent repeated cytokinesis but no mitosis.B. The cell underwent repeated mitosis with simultaneous cytokinesis.C. The cell underwent repeated mitosis, but cytokinesis did not occur.D. The cell had multiple S phases before it entered mitosis.9. What structures are used in animal cells to move molecules between cells?A. plasmodesmataB. gap junctionsC. cadherinsD. plasma membranes10/8/2013810. In simple multicellularity:A. there is extensive communication between cells.B. cells are highly differentiated and specialized.C. most cells retain a full range of functions.D. some cells are not in direct contact with the external environment.Quiz #21. Which of the following are classified as land plants, but not as vascular plants?A.gymnospermsB.angiospermsC.lycophytesD.bryophytesE.algae2. Which of the following terms describes a multinucleated single-celled organism? A. colonialB. protistC. coenocyticD.differentiatedE. specialized10/8/201393. A monophyletic group isA.a node on a phylogenetic treeB.a phylogenetic treeC.all of the taxa on a branch of a phylogenetictree, excluding the most recent common ancestorD.all of the taxa on a branch of a phylogenetictree, including the most recent common ancestor4. Which of the following structures transport water within a vascular plant?A.tracheidsB.vesselsC.sieve tubesD.companion cellsE.a and bF.c and d5. CAM plants:A.carry out the Calvin cycle at night.B.store CO2in bundle sheath cells.C.harvest CO2at night.D.specifically avoid photorespiration.E.All of the above.6. All multicellular organisms have:A. organs and organ systemsB. mechanisms for cell adhesionC. predatorsD. specialized cellsE. differentiated cells10/8/2013107. The evolution of multicellularity occurred:A. onceB. 3-4 times