PSYC 4600 1st Edition Exam 4 Study Guide Chapters 12 15 Chapter 12 Gestalt Psychology Gestalt German term Form shape configuration Also has connotation of wholeness or completeness Movement in Psychology in Germany and later U S Initially started as a Revolt against Wundt s approach Gestalt psychologists accepted the value of consciousness while criticizing the attempt to reduce it to atoms or elements Influence from the changing zeitgeist in physics Physicists were describing fields and organic wholes The Gestalt Psychologists Max Wertheimer 1880 1943 Discovered the Phi Phenomenon Kicked off the movement Kurt Koffka 1886 1941 Introduced the word perception Wrote English language article for American audience but erroneous conclusions about sole focus on perception Wolfgang K hler 1887 1967 Most prolific promoter of the Gestalt movement Studied chimpanzees on island of Tenerife in Canary Islands Aspects of the Gestalt Movement Complete revision of the old order Perception is a whole a Gestalt and any attempt to analyze reduce it to elements will destroy it The Phi Phenomenon Wertheimer The illusion that two stationary flashing lights are moving from one place to another Impression of movement Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization Rules by which we organize our perceptual world Premise We perceive objects as unified wholes Perceptual organization occurs instantly and is spontaneous and inevitable Innate not learned Simplicity Law of Pr gnanz We tend to perceive stimuli in the simplest way Proximity Continuity Similarity Closure Figure ground The Gestalt psychologists emphasized these factors of perceptual organization over the effects of learning or experience Gestalt Studies of Learning Largely based on K hler s research with chimpanzees Problem solving and the perceptual field need to perceive whole problem and solution Learning entails a restructuring of the psychological environment Insight Immediate apprehension or cognition sudden understanding of a problem s solution Productive Thinking in Humans Wertheimer Thinking problem solving occur in terms of whole problem Isomorphism The doctrine that there is a correspondence between psychological or conscious experience and the underlying brain experience Difficulties that proved barriers to advancement of Gestalt Psychology in the U S Behaviorism on the rise in the U S Language barrier Psychologists believed Gestalt psychology dealt only with perception Gestalt psychologists criticism of behaviorism Reductionist like Wundt Ignored consciousness Kurt Lewin 1890 1947 Field theory Lewin s system using the concept of fields of force to explain behavior in terms of one s field of social influences Famous for his work in group dynamics Zeigarnik effect Tendency to recall uncompleted tasks more easily than completed tasks Contributions of Gestalt Psychology Influenced work on perception learning thinking personality social psychology and motivation Maintained a focus on the conscious experience during the years when behaviorism was dominant Provided a phenomenological approach to psychology Chapter 13 Psychoanalysis The Beginnings The Development of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis distinct from mainstream psychology Developed out of medicine and psychiatry Subject matter abnormal behavior Data collection method clinical observation of patients Dealt with unconscious unique other approaches to psychology ignored unconscious Goal of psychoanalysis make the unconscious conscious The attitude towards sex in the Vienna of the Victorian era was permissive and open Antecedent Influences on Psychoanalysis Others were already doing work on topics that Freud addressed unconscious mental processes Fechner first used iceberg analogy treatment of psychopathology hypnosis as a treatment method catharsis dreams nothing in a dream is without cause Antecedent influences shared with Behaviorism Darwin s evolutionary theory Mechanism Determinism Individuals groups associated with reforms in the treatment of mental illness Philippe Pinel France Dorothea Dix U S The Emmanuel movement U S Promoted talk therapy Leading up to Freud s training in psychiatry psychiatrists were divided into two camps regarding what causes neurosis Somatic body and psychic mental processes Sigmund Freud 1856 1939 Developed Psychoanalysis a system of explaining personality development and neurosis and for treating neurosis Drawn to science by Darwin s theory Wanted to do research not practice Experimented with cocaine well into middle age and published article about its benefits Went into practice instead of research for financial reasons Psychoanalysis was eradicated in Germany by the Nazi party Died of morphine overdose The Case of Anna O Patient of Josef Breuer Treated for hysteria Patient coined the phrase talking cure Case important because it introduced Freud to the cathartic method Very Terms associated with Psychoanalytic therapy know definitions free association Resistance Repression Transference Know the difference between resistance and repression Freud s major publications 1895 Studies on Hysteria with Breuer Formal beginning of psychoanalysis caused rift between Freud Breuer 1900 The Interpretation of Dreams Self analysis his attempt to psychoanalyze himself first introduction of Oedipal Complex 1901 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life Introduced the Freudian Slip aka Fehlleistung or parapraxis Psychoanalysis and Personality Instincts Id Ego Superego Ego receives pressure from id supergo and reality world Psychosexual stages of personality development The developmental stages of childhood centering on erogenous zones don t need to know the specific stages Oedipus complex At ages four to five the unconscious desire of a boy for his mother and the desire to replace or destroy his father Freud believed that neurotic behavior did not develop in persons who les a normal sex life Chapter 14 Psychoanalysis After the Founding THE NEO FREUDIANS Expanded concept of ego minimized emphasis on sex placed greater emphasis on influence of psychosocial factors on personality development Anna Freud Freud s daughter Extended psychoanalysis to practice with children used innovative methods such as incorporating play materials and home observations of child Clarified the defense mechanisms Developed play therapy Melanie Klein Object relations theory Importance of early parent child relationships impact on later relationships THE DISSENTERS Broke away from Freud s psychoanalysis