Haptic PerceptionTheory of Signs (Helmholtz)PsychophysicsWeber's LawFechner's FormulaFunctionalismWilliam JamesStream of ConsciousnessThe Self (James)Self as a knower (James)Self-esteem (James)James-Lange theory of emotionHugo Munsterburgindustrial psychologyEdward Lee ThorndikeConnectionism (Thorndike)Law of Exercise (Thorndike)Law of Effect (Thorndike)Psyc 4600 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Chapters: 4-7Chapter 4Psychology as an experimental science: Focuses on mental illness/personal well-being is a historically recent phenomenon Appropriate subject matter of psychology has always been debated Methodological issues have been a consistent concern. It is experimentation even possible (Heisenberg Principle)Heisenberg principle Just by observing something can cause it to changeBasic Dimensions of Psychological Science Concept of mind; unnecessary-passive-active Source of knowledge (empirically derived or requires an experience and rationally derived which just requires a functioning brain Monistic psychology (mind and body) Sensory-based associations (english way of thinking) versus innate mental processes (german way of thinking) Problem of discrepancy between subjective and objective reality Do our observations match the objective world? Is a science of psychology based on observation even possible What exactly is the nature of human sensation and perception of the natural worldPhysiology of sensation and perception Bell-magendie law Doctrine of specific nerve energies (muller) We are conscious of sensations, not of physical realityMagendie law (Bell) Sensory nerves carry signals to the brain; motor nerves carry signals to muscles and glands. Suggested separate sensors and motor regions in the brain.Doctrine of specific nerve energies (Muller) Specific nerves carry specific sensory information no matter how they are stimulated (eg... Vision nerves carry ONLY visual sensory information)We are conscious of sensations not of physical reality Muller believed that he had found the physiological equivalent of Kant’s category of thoughtLocalization of Function Idea proposed in 19th century physiology.Specific parts of the brain serve specific functionsModularity The notion that certain cognitive processes or regions of the brain are restricted in the type of information theyprocessPhysiological Research Studies movement, sleep and spilt brain researchPierre Flourens Pioneered use of extirpation (cut up) in brain research, found no evidence of localized function in cortical hemispheres laid ground work for psychosurgeryAntionio Egaz Moniz Nobel prize in physiology of medicine 1949, leucotomyLeucotomy The procedure pioneered by Moniz in which the thalamus is disconnected fromthe frontal lobe with a special knife, called a leukotomeChapter 5Phineas Gage Pole through his head still lived with slight side effectsPaul Proca Discovered localization of language function in left cerebral function in left cerebral hemisphere (Broca’s area) inferred from the results of strokesBroca aphasia Damage to left frontal lobe imapirs the ability to produce fluent speech and to follow therules of grammar, but language comprehension is preservedWernicke aphasia Able to produce fluent speech, poor content, jumble of disonnected ideas, made up words, impaired comprehension, not aware that they have a problemFranz Gall Phenology-study of bumps on the head, early precursor of faculty of psychologyHermon Von Helmholtz Opposed Muller’s belief in vitalism (view that life couldn’t be reduced to physical processes only), principle of conservation of energy, theory of perception, auditory perception, color vision, and theory of signsPrinciple of Conservation of Energy (Helmholtz) Food and oxygen consumption is proportional to total energy that an organism expandsTheory of Perception Sensation perception, unconscious inferenceSensation Derives from raw elements of conscious experiencePerception  Derives from sensations after they are given meaning by one’s past experiences. Unconscious Inference According to Helmholtz, the process by which the remnants of past experience are added to sensations, thereby converting them into perceptionsTheory of auditory perception Resonance place theory of auditory perception vibrations of specific fibers or the basilar membrane of the inner ear cause sensations of sound, short fibers: high frequencies, long fibers: lower frequenciesColor Vision Separate retinal receptors for the 3 primary colors illustration of the mismatch between physical events and psychological sensations, senses actualize elements of the physical world that otherwise exist only as potentialities Mark Changizi The vision revolution color vision allowed us to see pray when we were looking for food in woodsChapter 6Stererotaxic instrument Device for the precise placement of electrodes in the head of small animalsHaptic Perception The active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our handsTheory of Signs (Helmholtz) How, despite the limitations imposed by our sensory apparatus, do we obtain knowledge about the external world? - Internal sensory impulses not equal to real nature of external stimuli - Any individual nerve fiber excites the same sensation regardless of how it is initially stimulated, sensations and perceptions are "signs" of external reality or the basis of which we form interpretations of external realityPsychophysics Scientific examination of how sensory stimulation is systematically related to conscious experience , Methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer's sensitivity to that stimulusWeber's Law Fechner's Formula , more intense stimuli require more significant change in order to bepsychologically noticed, first statement of a systematic relationship between stimulation and a psychological experience.Fechner's Formula ΔR/R=K... ΔR= minimum change in physical stimulation necessary to cause a person to experience J.N.D (just noticeable difference ), K= a constantFunctionalism 1) opposed search for "elements" of consciousness ( compare to structuralism) 2) Wanted to understand the function of mental process rather than describe their contents, overall function= aid organism in adapting to the environment. 3) wanted psychology to include research on animals,children, and abnormal humans 5) Focus on the