PSYC 4600 1st Edition Exam#3 Study Guide: Chapters 8-11Chapter 8Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism Applied Psychology represented a shift to a practical psychology--Not “what is the mind?” but rather “what does it do?” Economic Influences on Applied Psychologyo Number of PhDs growing; needed new job options  Three major areas of applied psychology: Psychological Testing, Industrial/Organizational Psychology, & Clinical PsychologyTHE PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING MOVEMENTJames McKeenCattell (1860-1944) Coined term mental test Work was similar to (and inspired by) GaltonAlfred Binet (1857–1911) Disagreed with Galton and Cattell’s approach; higher-level cognitive functions more appropriate measure of intelligence Came up with concept of Mental age Developed the first intelligence testLewis M. Terman (1877-1956) Developed the Stanford-Binet (now standard version of Binet’s test) Formalized the concept of Intelligence quotient (IQ)Henry Goddard (1866-1957) Original translator of Binet test to English Proponent of using psychological testing to screen immigrants to United StatesImpact of World Wars on Psychological Testing Army Alpha and Army Beta – concept of group testing Psychological testing gained public acceptance Public education system in U.S. reorganized around IQ Many psychologists found gainful employment developing and applying psychological testsTHE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY MOVEMENT Pioneer: LightnerWitmer (1867-1956)o Began the field of clinical psychology Different from modern clinical psychology: focused on assessing and treating learning and behavioralproblems in schoolchildren Major impact on clinical psychology: WWII o VA established training programs for hundreds of clinical psychologists to treat military personnelo Shift from child to adult populationTHE INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL MOVEMENT Pioneer: Walter Dill Scott (1869-1955)o First to apply psychology to personnel selection, management, and advertising The Impact of the World Warso World War I: Monumental increase in the scope, popularity, and growth of industrial-organizational psychologyo World War II: Brought psychologists into war work for testing, screening, and classifying recruits The Hawthorne Studies o Social/psychological workplace more important than physical conditionsLillian Moller Gilbreth (1878–1972) First PhD in I/O Psychology Expertise: efficiency; applied ideas to workplace and home environment Discriminated against in business and in publishing Worked together with husband, construction business owner--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916) Münsterberg Hand-picked by William James to head lab at Harvard University First denounced applied psychology but eventually became the public face of the field Many different interests: Forensic, psychotherapy, I/OFactors that fostered the rise of applied psychology: Darwin’s notion of adaptation and function Galton’s measurement of individual differences The American intellectual focus on the practical and the useful The shift within academic research laboratories from content to function brought about by James, Angell, and Woodworth Economic and social factors and the forces of warChapter 9Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences Philosophical underpinnings of Behaviorism British empiricists Mechanism – trace from Descartes Positivism – trace from Comte Animal/Comparative Psychology a major antecedent of Watson’s Behaviorism Built on pioneering work of Romanes and Morgan Attempts to demonstrate existence of mind in lower organisms and continuity between animal and human minds Methodology was becoming more objectiveJacques Loeb (1859-1924) German physiologist and zoologist; faculty at Univ. of Chicago (where Watson met him) Tropism Associative memory A small but busy fieldEdward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) Created a mechanistic, objective learning theory that focused on overt behavior Connectionism The Puzzle Box Trial-and-error learning Thorndike’s Laws of Learning Law of effect (understand the details)Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Worked on conditioned reflexes – dogs learned to salivate before food presented Influences on Watson: experimental program very methodical and detailed – inspired Watson Higher mental processes in animal subjects could be described in physiological terms without referencing consciousness Shift to discrete behavioral units that can be observed and describedVladimir M. Bekhterev (1857-1927) Russian physiologist, neurologist, and psychiatrist Worked on associated reflexes Where Pavlov focused on glandular secretions, Bekhterev interested in the motor conditioning responseChapter 10Behaviorism: The Beginnings John B. Watson (1878-1958)o Clearly distinguished self as founder of behaviorismo PhD at Univ. Chicago Academic Career short-livedo Johns Hopkins Universityo Within a year, chair of psychology dept. and editor of Psychological Reviewo Resigned – Affair with grad student Rosalie Rayner Business Career after leaving academic - Advertisingo Continued to write in popular outlets, publish books, and give lectures Timeline for The Development of Watson’s Behaviorismo 1913 – Official launch of behaviorism: Psychological Review article “Psychology As the Behaviorist Views It” o 1915 – Elected APA president o 1919 – published Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behavioristo More complete statement of behaviorist principleso Argued for use of animal psychology methods with humanso By the 1920s:o Universities were offering courses in behaviorismo Term “behaviorism” was becoming acceptable in the professional journalso 1925 & 1930 – Behaviorismo Outlined program for improvement of society Watson on Child-Rearing Practiceso Strong environmentalist position; don’t show child affectiono His own children and even grandchildren suffered from serious depressionThe Methods of Behaviorism Observation (with and without the use of instruments) Testing methods The verbal report method - verifiable The conditioned reflex method Watson responsible for its widespread use  A change in the nature and role of the human subject in the