ANSC 201 1st Edition Exam #3 Study GuideReview 3(February 12)Monitoring Nutrition -How can an owner monitor a nutrition program?- Useful knowledge for feeding amounts and medications- Determine directly - Body Condition Score- Estimate-Wieght tape-Equation= (heart girth(in)2)(body length(in))/330 –denominator changes if not light horseBody Condition Score-Based on visual and tactile(touching) appraisal of 6 body areas- Ribs, behind shoulder, along neck, withers, crease down back, and tail head-Indirect determination of energy reserves -Scale of 1(poor)-9(extremely fat)-Ideal score differs with stage of life- Good broodmare= 6(more fleshy)- Performance horse= 5 Where can you strike?-Scalping –If front hoof hits right above back hoof-Speedy Culting- If front hoof hits between fetlock and pastern-Shin Hitting-If front hoof hits cannon bone-Hock Hitting-If front hoof hits hock/kneeEquine DiseasesVIRAL-Equine Influenza= highly contagious- Viral respiratory disease- most economically important respiratory disease - High morbidity and low mortality- Symptoms: depression, coughing, nasal discharge and fever- Treatment: rest 1 week for everyday with symptom and nasal (more effective)/injection vaccine available -Equine Rhinopnaumonitis= highly contagious and has different strains- Respiratory virus similar to flu- 2 strains of herpes virus-EHV-1: more severe, causes abortions and attacks nervous system (vaccine given at 5,7,9 months of gestation)-EHV-4: usually associated with a respiratory disease in young horses (similar to flu)- Symptoms: fever, nasal discharge, loss of appetite, and lethargic-West Nile Virus- Virus causes swelling of the brain- Endemic in TX-Spread by mosquito - Symptoms: similar to EEE/WEE- lack of appetite, brain swelling, sensitive to light- Diagnosis requires lab testing- Prevention: vaccination, avoid contact with mosquitos, control mosquitos -Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)- Viral disease-biting insects, contaminated needles- Diagnosed by Coggins test- No treatment or vaccine-Horses testing positive must have ID and be quarantined -Rabies= want to vaccine by vet to get documentation, zoonotic - Spread by infected hosts by bite (bat, skunks, etc.)- Symptoms: personality change (aggression), lack of appetite, incoordination, inability to swallow, nervous system damage - Quarantine for observation and there is no treatment (fatal)-Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE, EEE, WEE)- “Sleeping Sickness”- Viral degeneration of brains vascular system - Spread by mosquito- 3 types:-EEE= Eastern US; severe -WEE= western and midwest states; mild-VEE (Venezuelan)= Central and South America, Mexico; lethalBACTERIAL -Strangles- “Distemper”- Widespread communicable disease (unapparent carriers contain it in guttural pouches)-Guttural pouches= good place for bacteria to live and grow. In older horses this bacteria is held and are asymptomatic (treated with antibiotics)- Caused by Streptococcus Equi- constantly changing - Symptoms: depression, loss of appetite, high fever, swelling of glands (open and discharge pus)- Treatment: isolate infected animals, good nursing care-Tetanus- don’t have vaccine but use a toxoid that instantly builds protection- “Lockjaw”- Primarily a wound-infection disease- horses accident prone (wound related issue)- Clostridium Tetani- thrives in anaerobic conditions - Symptoms: stiffness, awkward gait, hypersensitive, sawhorse stance - High mortality-Equine ProtozoalMyeloncephalitis(EPM)- only protozoal- Protozoa spread by opossum in infected poop- Once contracted, horse can’t spread it- Paralysis, asymmetric incoordination only on one side, affects spinal chord - Difficult to diagnose and treat(new treatments available)- New vaccine available but not real effectivePreventing Disease -Requirements of new horses- Health certificate issued by vet(lasts until 2-3 weeks)- Vaccination Records- Coggins Test-Quarantine new horses 2-3 weeks (enough time for a disease to show)- Record temperature at the same time everyday -Vaccination all heard horses- Status- mature horses same schedule, and mares same schedule - Endemic diseases- Travel Schedule- vaccinated more frequently because moving from town to town -Quarantine sick animals - Cross contamination- Treat/feed sick horses lastVaccination Schedule-Adult Horses- Annual booster- Exceptions-Travel/Show= 2 times a year-Broodmares= vaccines given at 5, 7 and 9 months of gestation for rhino-Young Horses- <12 months- 1st dose at 4-6 months (wait for colostrum to wear off and after weaning)- 2nd at 4-6 weeks after- 3rd at 10-12 months (annual)- After the 3rd booster they follow adult scheduleVaccination Methods-Forms of vaccine- Killed- virus becomes inactive (advantage- don’t feel sick after, disadvantage- slower working)- Modified Live- organism is alive with minimal symptoms (adv.- fast immune response, dis.- feel drowsy)- Recombinant- DNA technology, insert inactive virus/ bacteria cells that replicate quickly (adv.-strong immune response)-Methods of delivery- Intramuscular injection - Intranasal= highly effective-Reaction can take place with in 2-3hrParasitesParasite Infestation- best way to find is through a fecal matter test-Signs of heavy parasite load:- Dull hair coat- Pot belly- Frequent colic- because worms clog intestines - Weight loss- because food goes to feed wormsCommon Internal Parasites-Tapeworm- More prevalent and dangerous- Flat and segmented worm- Causes severe inflammation at attachment - Forage mite is the intermediate host (pick up mites from forage)- Found in stomach, small intestine- Recent approval of antheminitics (dewormer of a combination of drugs to only kills tapeworms)-Acarids-“Roundworms” highly resistant- Observed in manure of inected horses- Horses ingest infective eggs- Larva migrate from small intestine to liver to lungs and back to intestine and cause colic (when re-arriving at intestine worms are adults)- Problem primarily in younger horses- older horses develop immunity-Strangles/ Bloodworms- Largest and most dangerous family - Two Groups-Large: leave intestine and migrate through tissue, most harmful, causes arterial damage with in the gut and causes anemia-Small: invade large intestinal mucosa and encyst - Damage: anemia, blockage of intestinal blood supply-Bots- most unique lifecycle with worm and fly, also the only seasonal parasite- Adult bot fly deposits egg on body and horse ingests- Create oral lesions then migrate to stomach and pass