ANSC 281 1st EditionExam # 2 Study GuideReview 2(February 12)Gaits-Natural- Trot=2 beat, diagonal feet off the ground- Walk=4 beat, I foot off ground at all times - Cantor=3 beat, diagonal feet pairing with left hind and right front leg reaches out further - Gallop=4 beats, diagonal pair uncouples changing direction/balance (change in lead)-Lead- the front leg that reaches out further (usually inside leg)-Manmade - Pace=2beats, lateral feet off the ground- Rack=4 beats, lateral pairing but 1 leg off ground at all times (mostly saddlebred)Common Gait Defects-Forging(more in pacers)-bottom side of front foot with lateral hind leg strikes-Interfering-swinging legs with toes out-Paddling- walks as if its muscular(less likely to cause problems= pigeon toed)-Cross Firing- bottom side of front with diagonal hind leg strikesWhere can you strike?-Scalping –If front hoof hits right above back hoof-Speedy Culting- If front hoof hits between fetlock and pastern-Shin Hitting-If front hoof hits cannon bone-Hock Hitting-If front hoof hits hock/kneeHorse Selection Criteria -Intended Use= who’s riding it?-Price Range=something that you want-Temperature=something that fits you-Soundness & Health=pre-purchase exams-Conformation=form to function, balance and structure-Level of Training-Breed, Age, Sex-Pedigree, Quality, Size Vice & Unsoundness of HorsesVice= Bad Habits-Abnormal horse behavior-Difficult to eliminate -Associated with injury or illness - Human made and difficult to removeCommon Vices-Aggressive (Behavior Issues) = Biting, kicking, charging, striking, bucking- These are punishable- never can do it again, start young-Flight responses (Behavior Issues) = Rearing, balking, shying, halter pulling, running away- Things they will do when scared/unsure-fear based- Things done to protect themselves-Stall Vices =management related issues- stall kicking, wood chaving, cribbing, weaving, stall walking, bolting feed (eating fast and choking), pawing, tail rubbing(parasites), consuming bedding/dirtConcern?-Can affect usefulness, dependability, and health-Influence on market value= lowered with rice substantiallyCauses Vice? -Boredom -Lack of bulky feed, primarily forage (reduce more forage= more vices)-Poor management/ inconsistency (They need some type of schedule)-Mishandling/abuse- Cribbing- horses set upper teeth on surface, arches neck and pulls back which draws air into esophagus through the neck= endorphin release -Causes= boredom, frustration, pain- Harmful Effects= abnormal teeth ware, digestive disturbance, weight loss(Crib> Eat)- Prevention= cribbing strap, muzzle, keep forage, activity, company - Wood Chewing-most common vice-Causes= boredom, frustration, low forage diet- Harmful Effects= abnormal teeth ware, splinters, damage to facility- Prevention= chemicals applied to wood, limit access to wood- Repetitive Locomotive Behavoir- way to reduce stress, rocking, weaving, pacing, and nervousness -Causes= high energy diets, lack of exercise -Factor Affecting= social contact, stall size(if too big will move more), frequency of exercise-Problems= hard on fact, constantly working, hard on facilityRole of Management Diet & Feeding - Feeding less than 1% of Body Weight in roughage - Changing pre-feeding rituals - Feeding concentrate= more energy isn’t being used Social - Imitation may result- Predisposition may be problem- lack of social involvement Exercise - Frequent exercise may reduce problemsUnsoundness & Blemishes -Unsoundness= defect in form or function that affects usefulness of horse - Types= Working & Breeding -Blemishes= Deviation in structure that does not affect usefulness Head -Blindness= really affects usability -Periodic Optnalmia (moon blindness)= vitamin deficiency or fungal deficiency -Overshot/undershot jaw= heritable-Poll Evil= cracked bone- inflammation of the poll -Wobbler (unsound)= compression in the spinal chord- doesn’t know how to keep balance Withers & Shoulders -Fistulous Withers= inflammation of withers with fluid and sensitive- cause by unfitted saddles -Sweeny(unsound)= impact to point of shoulder= atrophy on one side Front Legs -Bucked Shins(unsound)= “shin splints” inflammation of covering of the cannon bone(mostly in running horses. -Bowed Tendons(unsound but ends as either unsound/blemish)= flexor tendon in lower leg is strained causing a c shape. -Ringbone(unsound)= excessive calcification around cornot band/pastern-limits motion and feels as if there are rings. -Splints(unsound but when healed can become blemish)= non-weight baring, excessive wear &tear/ injury/ inflammation -Navicular Disease-syndrome (unsound)= tiny bone in hoof (non weight barring) which acts as a fulcrum fro the flexor tendon- bone starts to deteriorate and becomes rough -Wind Puffs(Blemish)-Front leg only, tiny little bubble of fluid in ankle(fetlock) full of joint fluid that escapes when worked hard -Capped Elbow-inflammation of the elbow occurs because hind leg knocks elbow when laying and causes it to swell Hind Legs -Stifle=(unsound) locking of stifle joint causing patella/knee cap to shift -Stringhalt (unsound)= involuntary flection of the halt -Curb (unsound to blemish)= stress/strain of plantar ligament causing extension -Thoroughbred (blemish)= same thing as wind puff but for back leg on the hock -Bog Spavin (unsound to blemish)= inflammation of joint capsule whit in the hock -Bone Spavin(unsound)= excessive bone at the top of cannon bone which goes upward toward the hock(limits mobility)Behavior & Training Vision -Monocular= 1 image, 1 eye- left & right see different things -Binocular= same image with both eyes -Blind spot= tip of the nose to floor and underneath body, small triangle in front face -Ramped retina= raise and lower head to adjust range- how they figure out distance - Limited color vision= can really see yellow’s and green/blues but can’t se reds -Affected by head conformation = eye placement, forehead width (big eyes and far apart)Hearing- ears let you know what horse is focused on -Excellent hearing= rotation in ears on moveable head & neck (ears move independently), better than sight -Eyes & ears work together -Hears high tones not perceptible to humans (hear lower & higher ranges then humans)Touch- controlling with saddle and harnesses -Skin is a