PSYC 324 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 15 20 I Intelligence Chapter 10 pages 357 380 1 Intelligence Quotient An index of the way a person performs on a standardized intelligence test relative to the way others her age perform 357 2 Bayley Scales of Infant Development A set of nonverbal tests that measure specific developmental milestones and are generally used with children thought to be at risk for abnormal development 358 3 Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence A test of how infants process information including encoding attributes of objects and seeing similarities and differences across objects 358 4 Stanford Binet An intelligence test not simply testing for sensory or motor responses but also for reading comprehension and reasoning and mathematical skills a Mental Age A concept introduced by Binet the age of the average child who scores as high as one does on the intelligence test For example if an 8 year old scores about the same as the average 9 year old their mental age is 9 5 Wechsler Intelligence Scales Separate intelligence tests for preschoolers school age children and adults including questions related to information processing i e memory and processing speed 6 Flynn effect Increase in the average IQ score in the populations of the United States and other developed countries since the early 1900s 364 discovered by J R Flynn 7 Culture and Intelligence Genes depend on the environment for their expression poor nutrition disease and stress may overwhelm and thus minimize the genetic contribution to intellectual performance 365 366 This means that even though an estimated 40 50 of intelligence is attributable to genetic factors 364 every individuals environmental experience is different which makes it difficult if not impossible to trace intelligence features to certain ethnicities 8 Environmental Influences on Intelligence Family life school and peer groups and one s community are all factors that affect one s intelligence 9 Effect of Social Class In the United States children in the lower socioeconomic classes score 1015 IQ points below middle class children 374 and similar findings were made in Scotland a Cumulative risk The comprehensive effect on one s intelligence based on the positive or negative imbalance of risk factors such as socioeconomic status family relationships nutrition parent mental health and education etc 10 Achievement motivation A person s tendency to strive for successful performance to evaluate her performance against standards of excellence and to feel pleasure at having performed successfully 376 11 Intervention Strategies To address negative factors on children s intellectual development programs such as Head Start were put into place Head Start is a federally funded program that provides disadvantaged young children with preschool experience social services and medical and nutritional assistance 379 Programs like this are usually looking to improve parent child relationships and build upon support systems already in place in the child s life and supplement that with educational programs I Understanding people and living things Chapter 8 pages 2851 Children s Theory of Mind Understanding of the mind and how it works 293 in this case specifically the minds of children This field of research includes studying children s understanding of dreams beliefs intentions desires and deception and when and how children come to think of the self and other people as psychological beings 293 2 False Belief Task This task involves telling a child a story and then asking him what a character in the story thinks 293 These tasks have been used to study when children can understand how others think because they involve a separation in what a character in the story knows and what the child knows a Egocentrism The tendency to view the world from one s own perspective and to have difficulty seeing things from another s viewpoint 285 b Animism Attributing human or life like qualities to an inanimate object c Realism Accepting a situation as it is presented III Information processing and memory Chapter 9 pages 316 348 Vygotsky s Theory Chapter 8 1 Zone of proximal development This is the difference between what a child is capable of doing on their own and what they can do with help 2 Scaffolding the adult adjusts the amount and type of support they give a child to fit the child s needs and encourage deeper or more complex thinking 3 Guided Participation adults assist children in learning in the context of everyday activities by directing children s attention to and involvement in these activities 301 4 Encoding The transformation of information from the environment into a mental representation 318 5 Automatization The process in which conscious behaviors become routine or automatic and do not require conscious thought to complete 6 Generalization Applying a learned strategy to a similar or new problem to solve it 7 Executive control process A cognitive process that serves to control guide and monitor the success of a problem solving approach a child uses 319 In other words when you take in sensory information the executive control process directs it and employs memory strategies to send it to your working or long term memory employs problem solving skills if necessary and monitors the success of these strategies 8 Selective attention A strategy where a child focuses their attention on a specific feature s and ignores irrelevant ones 9 Memory span The amount of information one can hold in short term memory 326 10 Processing speed The time it takes an individual to carry out a given mental act such as recognizing a stimulus or reading a word the more efficient a process the quicker it is 327 11 Memory strategies Strategies used to help people remember such as repeating the information needing to be memorized rehearsal organizing it in a meaningful way organization or adding information to make connections elaboration a Mediational deficiency A child cannot effectively use memory strategies for their long term memory b Production deficiency While a child may know a memory strategy they might not be able to employ them spontaneously c Utilization deficiency A child remembers to use a memory strategy but the strategy is ineffective or didn t assist them in memorizing information 12 World Knowledge What a child has learned from experience and knows about the world in general 330 13 Deductive reasoning Logical thinking that involves reaching a necessary and valid