PSYC 324 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 9 14 I Attachment Chapter 6 pages 204 226 1 Fathers and attachment In many cultures fathers have a special role in the infant s development that of playmate infants tend to react more positively to a father s style of play than to a mother s 205 2 Patterns of attachment a Insecure Avoidant infant isn t bothered by the mother s brief absence but avoided the mother or became upset when she returned b Insecure Resistant infant is upset when the mother leaves but after the mother returns will behave inconsistently seeking and pushing away the mother c Insecure Disorganized infant is disorganized or disoriented when the mother returns d Secure these are infants who are secure enough to explore novel environments who are minimally disturbed by brief separations from their mothers and who are quickly comforted by their mothers when they return 208 3 Intergenerational continuity a parent s quality of attachment when they were a child has an impact on the quality of attachment for their own children people tend to re create their own childhood relationships when they themselves become mothers or fathers 215 a Internal working model Mental representations about oneself one s own parents and the styles of interaction one experienced as a child also known as attachment representations 215 4 Stability of attachment studies have shown that attachment behavior is highly stable this doesn t mean that the quality of attachment cannot change especially when life circumstances significantly deteriorate or improve 5 Attachment social behavior At 4 to 5 years of age teachers rated securely attached children as showing more positive emotions and as having greater empathy for others and more ability to initiate respond to and sustain interactions with other people Children with secure attachment histories were more likely to form friendships with other securely attached peers 219 6 Multiple caregivers the attachment relationships for children in day care is influenced by the amount of time they spend there as well as the quality of the child care a The higher the level of training of staff members the more likely children are to develop secure attachment relationships with their caregivers 224 b Good day care providers can sometimes compensate for less than optimal care from parents by giving children an opportunity to form secure attachments outside the home 224 II Temperament Chapter 2 pages 65 68 1 Temperament the individual s typical mode of response to the environment including such things as activity level emotional intensity and attention span 65 a Easy friendly and adaptable b Difficult easily upset experiences extremes of fussiness and crying 65 c Slow to warm up low activity level adapts slowly with repeated contact 2 Goodness of fit A measure of the degree to which a child s temperament is matched by her environment 67 III Heredity and Environment Chapter 2 pages 42 63 1 Sex chromosomes 23rd pair of chromosomes determines sex XY male XX female 2 X linked genes X chromosomes are longer and carry more genes so these are the genes that X chromosomes have that Y chromosomes don t have and are automatically expressed 3 Interactions among genes although some human traits are determined by a single allele or pair of alleles most characteristics such as intelligence sociability etc are determined by gene interaction This explains why some traits don t run in families 4 Chromosomal abnormalities these occur when an entire chromosome is defected a zygote with a chromosomal abnormality will often spontaneously abort but sometimes it is able to survive and the child will be diagnosed with a chromosomal abnormality such as a Down syndrome a physical and mental disability noted by short stature almond shaped eyes and a heightened susceptibility to such illnesses as leukemia heart disorders and respiratory infections also called trisomy 21 because it is a result of a defect in the 21 st pair of chromosomes where they have 3 instead of 2 chromosomes 47 b Turner syndrome female only occurs because the father s sperm contained neither an X nor a Y chromosome these girls remain short with stubby fingers misshapen necks and unusually shaped mouths and ears normal intelligence docile sterile lacking in some social and emotional skills 50 c Klinefelter s syndrome male only occurs when a male inherits an extra X chromosome producing an XXY pattern he is sterile and has many female characteristics such as breast development and a rounded broad hipped figure tall stature potential language and reading problems 50 d Fragile X syndrome more frequent in males occurs when an X chromosome is pinched in some areas making it fragile affected people often have physical abnormalities and psychological and social problems which include anxiety hyperactivity attentional deficits and abnormal communication patterns 50 5 Range of reaction heredity does not singularly determine behavior but it provides a range of possible outcomes that are then selected by the environment 6 Canalization when heredity only offers a small range of reaction the environment has limited influence on the outcome 7 Adoption and twin studies researchers are able to study the separate effects of genes and environment by studying identical and fraternal twins For example if identical twins show more resemblance on a particular trait than fraternal twins do we can assume that the resemblance is strongly influenced by genes 62 8 Shared Environment When studying twins it is important to note that identical twins are often treated more similarly by their parents evoke more similar responses from people outside the family and select more similar settings companions and activities than do fraternal twins meaning they have shared environments 62 9 Non shared Environment the opposite of a shared environment any conditions or activities that are not shared by children in the same family more commonly found in fraternal twin relationships IV Language Development Chapter 7 pages 232 268 1 2 3 4 Phonology the system of sounds that a particular language uses 233 Semantics the study of word meanings and word combinations 233 Morphology the study of morphemes language s smallest units of meaning 233 Syntax the part of grammar that prescribes how words may combine into phrases clauses and sentences 233 5 Pragmatics a set of rules that specify appropriate language for particular social contexts 234 6 Learning Theory The