Chapter 39 Study GuidePlant ReproductionLearning Objectives:- To become familiar with the floral organs involved in reproduction- To understand the process of pollination and fertilization in flowering plants (angiosperm) and relate it to the plant’s overall life cycle.- To understand how seeds and fruit are produced and the variations in seed and fruit types. - To understand seed embryo development and germination patterns I. Be able to draw a generalized flower and all of the important structuresa. Describe the function and be able to label the main organs of a flowerb. Male organsi. Stamen and all its parts1. Anther: consisting usually of two lobes each containing two sacs in which the pollen matures2. Filament: stalk of stamenc. Female organsi. Carpel and all its parts1. Style2. Ovary3. Ovule d. Make sure to understand the components of an ovarye. Know that there are variations in the male and female structuresf. Know the different types of fruiti. Simple fruit: Peaii. Aggregate fruit: Raspberry fruit iii. Multiple fruit: Pineapple fruit 1. Know from where fruit develops2. Know what seeds are and how they define a fruit3. Be able to identify the parts of the plant which make up fruits and those which make up vegetables1Chapter 39 Study GuideII. Know the difference between monoecious and dioecious and give an example of each. a. Monoecious: carpels and stamens in one plant Ex: cornb. Dioecious: carpels and stamens in separate plantsIII. Be able to explain and label a plant life cycle illustrating “alternation of generations.”IV. Be able to explain why it is called “alternation of generations.”a. Know the stages that are haploid vs. diploidb. Know where mitosis/meiosis occurs and fertilizationc. Know what the multicellular structures are and their functionsi. Sporophyte (diploid)ii. Male and female gametophytes (haploid)V. Explain the process of pollination and double fertilization step-by-step. Be able to label all key structures of this process.2Chapter 39 Study Guidea. Know the role of the male gametophyte and all its componentsi. Explain what is meant by pollen germinationii. Be able to label a pollen grain3Chapter 39 Study Guideb. Know the role of the female gametophyte and all its componentsi. Label the egg and polar nucleiii. Antipodal cells and synergids1. How do we get all of these cells/nuclei?c. Describe the outcome of double fertilizationi. What are the most important structures in embryo development? Know what each is and its function1. seed leaves (cotyledons)2. suspensor cells3. proembryoa. know parts of the proembryo—different tissuesi. protoderm, ground meristem, procambium4. endospermii. Why are fruits important? (think seed dispersal)iii. What are the differences between seeds with one and two cotyledons?1. overall structure2. germination3. what is the difference between epi- and hypocotyls4. what is a radicle?d. What are some environmental cues for germination to occur?Note: Be familiar with all figures on the outline/PPT