REVIEW III STUDY GUIDE Sp17 Populations Density- calculate, label Dispersion- most common, least common? Growth- calculations -exponential vs. logistic -limiting factors (density-dependent, density-independent) -carrying capacity -rule of 70/ doubling time Life-history strategies -r vs. K species, characteristics, examples Life tables- how to interpret Survivorship curves (Type I, II, III)- examples of each Human populations: doubling size, demographic transition, age structure pyramids Ecological footprint Species interactions Competition (intra/inter) Niche- fundamental vs. realized Competitive exclusion principle Resource partitioning Character displacement (allopatric or sympatric?) Predation Coevolution of predator/prey Herbivore/plant adaptations- examples Defense mechanisms of prey- examples, aposematic vs. cryptic coloration Mimicry- Batesian and Mullerian, examples Parasitism Endo, ecto, pathogen, social Symbiosis Mutualism- examples Commensalism- examples Communities Succession- pioneer to climax communities Primary vs. Secondary, examples Eutrophication Ecosystems Autotrophs, heterotrophs, detritivores and decomposers Photo and chemo autotrophs and heterotrophsProkaryotes Saprobes, parasites Obligate vs. facultative aerobe and anaerobes Protists: Phagotrophs, osmotrophs, mixotrophs, etc.. Fungi: Absorb, extracellular, some pathogenic, some parasitic Animals: Suspension, substrate, fluid, bulk feeders—examples of each Keystone species- examples Trophic levels and food webs- remember the pre-class notes on moodle! Energy loss—10% makes it to next level – calculate Pyramids of energy, biomass, numbers Bioaccumulation Primary productivity- gross vs. net—how expressed- remember the pre-class notes on moodle! Limits on terrestrial and aquatic productivity Nutritional requirements of plants Plant transport—vascular tissue Xylem, water, cohesion-tension, transpiration, stomata, guard cells (open, close?) Phloem, sugars, translocation, pressure-flow theory Human impact Biodiversity Fragmentation of habitat Deforestation Subsistence agriculture, desertification Introduced/invasive species Toxins – endocrine disruptors, etc. –website article!-- Global warming- gases responsible, how process occurs, results Digestive system Mechanical/chemical, complete/incomplete, monogastric/ruminant Ruminant system—4 chambers, order, main function of each Major tasks of digestive system (5) Human system- length, time, label organs (including accessory organs) Enzymes- saliva, pancreas, which food do they digest? Buffers (where produced, needed?) Epiglottis Functions of stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas Pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum Gastric ulcers Gall bladder- common hepatic duct, cystic duct Unique bird digestive adaptations Nutritional requirements- carb/protein/fat Essential amino acids, vitamins (fat vs. water soluble), minerals