Psych 104, Learning, Cognition, & BehaviorStudy Guide for Quiz 3Brain Structure MeasuresCT scans- multiple X-rays from different angles to create a single 3D imageMRIs- uses magnets to disrupt the atoms, which emit traceable energy when going back to their original positionBrain Function MeasuresPET- uses radiation decay of a radioactive tracer for glucose to create an image of glucose use (highest spatial resolution, takes the longest)EEG – measures electrical activity at synapsesSingle cell recording – measures changes of action potentials in the neuron (low resolution)fMRI – measures oxygen levels of the blood (takes 2nd longest, 2nd best resolution)Medial temporal lobe – hippocampus, perihinal cortex and enterohinal cortex Rats have postrhinal cortices instead of parahippocampal cortices H.M. – bilateral lesion of entire medial temporal lobe-episodic memory impairment-old semantic memory was normalR..B. – bilateral hippocampal lesion-new episodic: impairment-old episodic: better than control groupK.C. – bilateral hippocampal lesion-episodic test (word fragment and picture): impairment-semantic test (word fragment and subject word): better than control groupHippocampus for Discriminating Different Sequences of EventsTest: two sequences of 12 faces each (fMRI)Overlap (4 faces were in both sequences) and non-overlap-hippocampal activation during encoding for overlap condition, but not non-overlapContinuous Alternation TaskRats had to alternate between right and left turns for rewards, and single cell recordings were taken. Each neuron was either activated for right turns or left turns.Ribot gradient – retrograde amnesia tends to be stronger for memories right before onset becausethe memories are still being consolidated.-H.M. had impairment for retrieval of more recent but not older memoriesStandard Consolidation Theory -hippocampus is only required for the initial storage and retrieval of an episodic memory.-hippocampus use diminishes over time until the neocortex can carry out retrievalindependently.Support: Object recognition – monkeys had to choose the correct object for reward, and were lesioned between 2 and 12 weeks after learning. Monkeys lesioned 2 weeks after learning remembered less than those lesioned later.Fear conditioning – Rats lesioned one day after fear conditioning froze less in context than those lesioned later.Against:Rats given weekly reminders of the Skinner box (where fear conditioning took place) and lesioned 4 weeks later showed as little fear as those lesioned 2 days after conditioning.*Memory becomes hippocampal dependent again upon retrievalRepetition priming effect (implicit memory) measured by word stem completion and perceptualidentification.Double Dissociation!Deep encoding makes no difference in word stem completionVisual encoding is much better for stem completion than auditory encodingDouble Dissociation!M.S. has a right occipital lobe lesionRecognition – MS was better than amnesicsPerceptual identification – MS performed worse than amnesicsProcedural Memory is Intact in AmnesiaSerial reaction time task – amnesics same as controlPrediction task – amnesics were worse than controlPursuit rotor task – same as controlPaired associate learning – worseMirrored reading task – everyone improved over time, but amnesics did not improve between non-repeated and repeated words like the controls didArtificial Grammar learning task Classification – amnesics were fineRecognition – amnesics were impairedStriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) - play a role in procedural memoryProbabilistic Classification (weather prediction task) – amnesics performed normally, but patients with Parkinson’s (striatum dysfunction) did not. Double dissociation!When asked about the task, it was the opposite ^Radial Maze tasksWin-shift: hippocampus lesioned rats performed worse than the striatum lesioned ratsWin-stay: hippocampus lesioned rats performed better than striatum lesioned ratsDouble dissociation!Perceptual Motor Skill Learning StagesCognitive stage – consciously and with effortAssociative stage – memories associated with aspects of the skillAutonomous stage – largely executed subconsciouslyPredictions about experts1. They should have less access to information about movement execution2. Should show poorer performance when attending to their movementGolf putting task – experts performed worse when asked to describe their last put (episodic) but better when asked to list the steps for putting before the task-experts performed worse when attending to their movement than away-novices were the oppositeSerial position effectPrimacy – stronger with slower presentation ratesRecency – stronger with no delay between test and studyDouble dissociation!H.M. has normal long term and impaired short term memory, and K.F. (left parietal lobe damage) has the opposite. Double dissociation!Expansion of short- term memory is possible with practiceDigit span task – improved from 7 digit strings to 80 digitsBrown Peterson TaskMeasures short term memory duration- 3 letters to keep in short term, filler task to prevent rehearsalo Retroactive interference- Recall accuracy decreases over time- Previous trigrams made recall worseo Proactive interference- Memory after tone filler task was better than after syllable detection taskIf the US enters short term memory while CS is still there, their relationship is rehearsed- A surprising event post-US disrupts rehearsalo CRs to visual CSs were higher after congruent trials for learning auditory CS+and tactile CS-Atkinson/Shiffrin’s short term memory model-single system, storage and simple control processes (rehearsal)Baddeley/Hitch’s short term memory model-visual/spatial storage and simple control processes-auditory/verbal storage and simple control processes-executive control processes that monitor and manipulate above systemsWorking Memory ComponentsVisuo-spatial sketchpad – short term storage/rehearsal for visual and spatial informationPhonological loop – short term storage/rehearsal for auditory and verbal informationCentral executive – planning, initiating retrieval, decision processes and integrating