PSYC 104Learning and Remembering (textbook reading)Pages 235-247Vocab wordsDeclarative (explicit) memory: long-term memory that is retrieved and reflected consciously.Episodic memory: memory of personally experienced eventsSemantic memory: general world knowledge.Nondeclarative (implicit) memory: knowledge that influences thought and behavior without any necessary involvement of consciousnessMetamemory: knowledge about one ‘s own memory, how it works or doesn’t work (a type of metacognition)Mnemonic: a strategic learning device or methodMethod of loci: a technique based on visual imagery and memorized locations.-Choose a set of locations that are easily recalled in order and form a mental image of the first thing you want to remember, then place it in the first location.Ex: Going to class you may be in the hallway of the dorms, then the lobby, then the pathway (etc.). So if you want to remember the order ofcranial nerves, you could picture smelling someone’s smoke from their dorm while in the hallway and therefore using your olfactory nerve. In the lobby you could imagine a change in brightness, and therefore using your optic nerve to process this to make adjustments…and so on.Peg word mnemonic: a prememorized set of words serve as a sequence of “pegs” onto which the to-be-remembered material can be “hung”-similar to the method of loci, but with a set of words instead of locationsRelearning task: a list is originally learned, set aside for x amount of time and then later returned to the same criterion of accuracySavings score: the reduction in the time, or number of trials, necessary for relearning compared to original learning.Hypermnesia: when the rate of reminiscence is greater than the rate of forgettingMassed practice: study time is grouped together in one long session (cramming)Distributed practice: study time is spread out over many shorter sessionsIsolation (von Restoroff) effect: better memory for information that is distinct from the information around itRehearsal: a deliberate recycling or practicing of information in the short-term storeMaintenance rehearsal: a low level, repetitive information recycling (used when repeating a phone number to remember it until dialing)Elaborative rehearsal: a more complex rehearsal that uses the meaning of the information to store and remember itDepths of processing: the amount of mental processing information receives -maintenance rehearsal would lead to shallow processing, elaborative would lead to deepRecognition: people are shown items in a list, and they need to determine whether they have learned the item before or