PSYC 104Learning and Remembering (textbook reading)Pages 249- 265Vocab wordsSelf-reference effect: memory is better for information that you relate to yourself in some wayGeneration effect: information you generate or create yourself is better remembered compared to information you only heard or readEnactment effect: improved memory for participant-performed tasks, relative to those that are notOrganization: the structuring of information as it is stored in memory, well organized material can be stored/retrieved with surprising levels of accuracy (categorizing, grouping)Subjective organization: organization developed by a person for structuring and remembering informationVisual imagery: the mental picturing of a stimulus that affects later recall or recognitionPaired-associate learning: the task is to learn the list so that the correct response item can be reproduced whenever the stimulus item is presented Ex: if you studied “elephant-book”, you would be tested during recall to remember the word book when you saw “elephant”Dual coding hypothesis: words that denote concrete objects, as opposed to abstract words, can be encoded twice because of their verbal and imaginal attributes (book vs. idea)Encoding specificity: each item is encoded into a richer memory representation that includes the contextit was in during encodingState-dependent learning: people are more likely to remember things when their physiological state at retrieval matches that at encodingRetrieval cue: a useful prompt or reminder for the informationDecay (law of disuse) : the older a memory is, the more likely that it has been forgotten -not true as far as long-term memory is concernedConsolidation: the more permanent establishment of memories in the neural architectureForgetting: refers to situations where there is difficulty rememberingTip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon: momentarily unable to recall something they know is in long-term memoryTesting effect: the additional experience you get from tests help you remember the information betterPart-set cuing: if you cue with a part of the list, it will be more difficult to recall the rest of the list- Due to a disruption in the retrieval