BIO 123 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Water MovementII. Root Pressurea. Sugar Trans locationb. Pressure-Flow HypothesesIII. Root SystemsIV. Plant Structures V. Root TypesOutline of Current LectureI. LightII. Energy for ReactionsIII. Anaerobic RespirationCurrent LectureClicker Question: What type of organism likely existed first on Planet Earth? ChemoheterotrophsI. Lighta. Consists of particles (photons) that move as wavesb. Photons with shorter wavelengths have more energy than those with longer wavelengths.  Photosynthesis- Located in mesophyll cells inside the leaf- Occurs in chloroplastso Enclosed in a double membrane (inner membrane encloses stroma and thylakoids) These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Thylakoid: arranged in stacks called Grana- Contains chlorophyll A and B, and carotenoids Key Concept: Light energy powers photosynthesis, which is essential to plants and most life on Earth. II. Energy for Reactions Light Dependent Reactions- Light energizes electrons that generate ATP and NADPH Carbon Fixations Reactions- Uses energy of ATP and NADPH to form carbohydratePhotosynthesis6 CO2 +12 H2O (light energy, chlorophyll) → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O- Ultimate source of most chemical energy and organic moleculeso Available to plants and other organism- Replenishes oxygen in the atmosphereo Vital to all aerobic organismsAerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy- A catabolic process fuel (glucose) broken down to carbon dioxide and water- Redox reactionso Transfer electrons from glucose (oxidized) to oxygen (reduced)- Energy releasedo produces 36 to 38 ATP per glucose- Aerobic respiration is an exergonic redox process in which glucose becomesoxidized, oxygen becomes reduced, and energy is captured to make ATP4 Stages of Aerobic Respiration 1. GlycolysisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Occurs in cytosol2. Formation of acetyl CoA- 1 pyruvate molecule, loses 1 molecule of Carbon Dioxide- Acetyl group + Coenzyme A, produce acetyl CoA- 1 NADH Produced per Pyruvate3. Citric acid cycle4. Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis- Electrons transfer from one electron acceptor to another in mitochondrialinner membrane - Electrons reduce molecular oxygen, forming water- Redox reactions are coupled in ATP synthesis through chemiosmosisiii. Anaerobic Respiration - Electrons transferred from fuel molecules to ETC, coupled to ATP synthesis; chemiosmosis - Final electron acceptor, inorganic substance nitrate or sulfateThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a