Biology 123 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Central nervous system– Brain and Spinal cordPeripheral nervous system– Sensory receptors– Sensory nerves– Motor nervesIdentify parts of neuronMechanoreceptors• Touch, pressure, gravity, stretching movingEvolutionary trends of nervous system- Trends in nervous system evolution include: increased number and concentrationof neurons and interneurons, more complex synaptic contacts, specialization of function, and cephalizationPituitary glandCerebellum- Hindbrain- Metencephalon- Muscle tone, equilibrium, postureNerve impulse action potentialBlind spotEyeRods and conesReflexesSensory neuronsPerception- Brain interprets sensation by converting them to perceptions of stimuliSensory Perception: Process of selecting, interpreting, and organizing sensory informationHypothalamus- Forebrain- Diencephalon- Controls autonomic functions- Links nervous and endocrine systems- Controls temperature, appetite, fluid balance, - Some emotional and sexual responsesFunctions of spinal cord- Transmits impulses to and from brain- Ascending tracts: transmit info to brain- Descending tracts: transmit info from brain- Controls reflex actions- Gray Matter: Contains nuclei that serve as reflex centersChemoreceptors- respond to certain chemical compoundsEarExcretory systemGlucagon/insulinUric acid (little water for nitrogenous waste disposal)- less toxic- excreted as semisolid paste (conserves water) Nitrogenous waste - Ammonia (toxic): excreted mainly by aquatic animals- Urea (less toxic: synthesis requires energy, excretion requires water- Uric Acid (less toxic): excreted as semisolid paste, conserves water Target cellsFiltrationDigestive system sequence1 neuron is more than 1 cell (count schwann cells)MB1. What will happen when you put your expensive saltwater fish in your freshwater aquarium? a. The cells of the fish will take up too much water, and the fish will die.2. Birds, insects, and many reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid, which _____.a. reduces water loss compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but requires more metabolic energy to produce3. Freshwater fish excrete nitrogenous wastes as _____.a. Ammonia4. An appropriate group of animals to examine to observe a Malpighian tubule would be _____.a. Insects5. As a result of the non-selectivity of the kidney's filtration of small molecules, _____.a. useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed6. All osmoconformers are marine animals.7. The counter-regulatory functions of the pancreas refer to the fact that it _____.a. releases one hormone that reduces glucose levels in the blood and another that increases them8. Some scientists suspect that jet lag may result from disruption of the daily cycle of secretion of the hormone known as _____.a. Melatonin9. Epinephrine functions as a hormone in the endocrine system and as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system.10. Hormones are _____.a. chemical signals between cells, transported in blood or hemolymph11. The "information receiving" section of a neuron is its dendrites.neurons with the fastest conduction velocity for action potentials.a. thick, myelinated neuronsConcentration gradients of potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) across the plasma membrane represent potential energy.Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) gradients are maintained by active transport in a resting mammalian neuron.Why is an action potential an all-or-none response to stimuli?a. Because voltage-gated ion channels open when membrane potential passes a particular levelWhat causes the falling phase of the action potential?a. Inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels and the opening of voltage-gated potassium channelsThe fundamental excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____.a. neuronThe cntral canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the human brain contain a filtrate of the blood, called _____.a. cerebrospinal fluidThe knee-jerk reflex has sensory neurons arising in the quadriceps muscle, interneurons in the spinal cord, and efferent neurons that stimulate contraction in the hamstring muscle.As vertebrates evolved, the increasingly complex structure of the brain conferred increasingly complex function, especially apparent in the _____.a. cerebral cortex, which is greatly expanded in nonhuman primates and cetaceans. This region supports language and other high-level thinking processes. Dolphins can be awake and asleep at the same time because _____.a. one side of the brain can sleep while the other side maintains swimmingand breathing behaviorsEmotion, motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory, in humans, are mediated by the _____.a.limbic systemMotor cortex and somatosensory cortex are _____.a. organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the nextIn adult humans, short-term memory relies on connections in the _____ whereas long-term memories appear to be based in the _____.a. hippocampus, cerebral cortexAddiction onset by cocaine and amphetamines is characterized by increased _____.a. persistence of dopamine in the brain's synapsesA thermosensory neuron in the skin converts heat energy to nerve impulses via aconversion called ____. a. sensory transductionSensory adaptation is apparent when _____.a. a person is no longer aware of a heavy necklace that was put on earlierin the day.Sensory transduction in the auditory system is much like transduction of _____.a. mechanosensory stimuliThe energy for sensory transduction by the lateral line system in fish comes from _____.a. water movementsWhen light first enters the human eye, the first structure that it must pass throughis the _____.a. corneaRods and cones are similar in that they both _____.a. release glutamate as the primary neurotransmitterThe sense described as umami is one of _____.a. savory and delicious sensation on the tongueAmong these choices, the most energy-efficient form of animal movement, per kgof body mass, is _____.a. swimming by large fishWhich of the following is an example of "recombinant DNA technology?"a. introducing a human gene into a bacterial plasmidIn recombinant DNA experiments, what is used to cut pieces of DNA and what joins the resulting fragments to form recombinant DNA?a. a restriction enzyme, DNA ligaseGel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of what characteristic?a. lengthWhat are Hox genes?a. Hox genes encode transcription factors with a DNA-binding domain called a homeo box, and regulate