Biology 123 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Human Genome Project- Completed in 2003- Human genetic code- Humans and chimpanzees have common ancestorVertebrae Societies- Flexible roles- Culture - common learned behavior transmitted to each generationSociety: Group on individuals of the same species that work together in an adaptive mannerReciprocal Altruism: Helper does not immediately benefit but later helped by the recipient. Kin Selection- Increases inclusive fitness through successful reproduction of close relatives Hamilton’s Rule- An altruistic act is adaptive ifIndirect fitness benefits are high for animals that are helpedRecipients are close relatives Direct fitness cost to altruist is lowInclusive Fitness: Sum of an individual’s direct fitness and indirect fitness altruism: Cooperative behavior. Behave in a way that benefits others, not self Parental Care- Increases probability that offspring will survive- Less advantageous to the male Mate Relationships- Males engage in mate guardingo Especially when female most fertile- Pair bondo Stable relationshipo Cooperative behaviorMating System- Polygyny – male with many females- Polyandry – female with many males- Monogamy – mating with 1 partnerMate Choice- Influenced by:- Dominance- Gifts- Ornaments- Courtship displaysa. Ensures member of same speciesb. Female can assess quality of the male Some males compete in small display areaSexual Selection- Occurs when individuals vary in ability to compete for mates- Natural selection- Individuals with reproductive advantages selected over others Home Range Geographic area an animal inhabitsDoes not necessarily defend Territory Defended area within home range TerritorialityDefensive behaviorBenefitsRights to foodReduce conflict among populationCostsTime and energyRisks of fightingSocial Organization Ensures greater reproductive success Dominance hierarchyRanking status within a groupDominant members receive benefits from subordinates without overt aggressive behaviorSocial Behavior Adaptive interaction between members of the same species Societies are characterized byCommunicationCooperationDivision of laborTendency to stay together BenefitsCooperative huntingDefense from predators CostsIncreased competition for resourcesRisk of attracting predatorsOptimal Foraging Animals eat what gives the most energy with the least amount of energy invested Enhance reproductive successAsexual Reproduction Single parent Energy efficient Successful in stable enviornment Identical offspringo Budding- part of plant body grows and detacheso Fragmentation- parents body breaks into pieces and each part becomes new planto Parthenogenesis-unfertilized egg develops into an adultSexual Reproduction Fusion of 2 gametes to produce offspring Genetic variety Adaptive in changing environmentsFertilization External: Mating partner release eggs and sperm into water simultaneously Internal: male delivers sperm into females body Male Reproductive System Testes- produce sperm and testosteroneIn the scrotumSeminiferous tubules- spermatogenesis takes placeInterstitial cells- secrete testosteroneSertoli cells- signaling molecules and nourishment for sperm Conducting ducts- sperm maturation and storageEpididymisVas deferens Accessory glandsSeminal vesiclesProstate glandBulbourethral glands – mucous Penis 3 columns of erectile tissue (2 cavernous, 1 spongy)SpermatogenesisSperm Structure:  Head - Nucleaus- acrosome Female Reproductive system  Ovaries – produce gametes & steroid hormones (estrogen & progesterone- prepare body for pregnancy) Oviducts – location of fertilization Uterus- incubator for embryo Endometrium – epithelial lining of uterusThickens each month for possible pregnancy Cervix – lower part of uterus Vagina – receives penis, lower part of birth canal Breasts – function in lactation Prolactin stimulates milk productionOxytocin stimulates ejection of milk oogenesis- In the ovaries- Oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes- Follicle consists of primary oocyte and granulosa cell surrounding it- Follicle maturationo Primary oocyte undergoes first meiotic divisiono Creates second oocyte and polar