PSYCHOLOGY STUDY NOTES3RD TESTDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY -DEVELOPMENT IS: SYSTEMATIC, SEQUENTIAL, LONG-LASTING-NO MORE NATURE VS. NURTUREMATURATION-BIOLOGICAL UNFOLDING OF DEVELOPMENT, IT’S SEQUENTIAL-EX: INFANTS LIFT HEADS, THEN SIT UP, THEN CRAWL (THERE IS AN ORDER)-EXPERIENCE= TIMING= NURTURE-MATURATION= SEQUENCE= NATURE-PSYCHS INTERESTED IN THREE AREAS:BIOSOCIAL= PHYSICAL GROWTH AND CHANGES AND ENV. FACTORSCOGNITIVE= MENTAL GROWTH AND CHANGESPSYCHOSOCIAL= SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PERSONALITY GROWTH AND CHANGE RESEARCH APPROACHES-STUDY DIFFERENT AGES WHEN STUDYING DEVELOPMENT.CROSS-SECTIONAL: CHEAP, ACROSS AGES WITH SAME TEST. PROBLEM: DIFF. AGES OF SAME TIME PERIODLONGITUDINAL: COMPARE EACH PERSON TO THEMSELVES, OVERTIME. PERSON IS THEIR OWN CONTROL. $. CROSS-SEQUENTIAL: DIFFERENT AGES AND GROUPS, OVERTIME. HARDEST, MOST $, BUT BESTPRENATAL DEVELOPMENT-ZYGOTE -> DIVISIONS -> AT 5TH, DIFFERENTIATION-GERMINAL: 2 W (POST-CONCEPTION), EMBRYONIC: 3-8 W, FETAL: 9+ W-PREGNANCY= 38 W +/-. 36= PRETERM, 40+= POSTTERM-VIABILITY AGE= 22 W, 12 W= SEX DETERMINED-TERATOGENS (NUTRITION, STRESS, FAS/ALCOHOL, INFECTIONS, CHROMOSOME PROBLEMS, GENETIC DISORDERS SUCH AS SICKLE CELL)NEWBORN-7.4 LBS, 20 IN, 3X HEIGHT AND 2X LENGTH WITH FIRST YEAR.HAVE REFLEXES AS BASIS FOR DEVELOPMENT. VISION= WORST, BUT ALL SENSES OKAY.-BRAIN= 25% OF BODY (2% AS ADULT)BRAIN DEVELOPMENT-WOMB- NEURONS, 250K CELLS/MINUTE-BIRTH- NEURON CONNECTIONS PROLIFERATE-INFANCY- NEURAL CONNECTIONS IN BRAINSTEM AND LIMBIC SYSTEM, MOTOR AND SENSORY (BODY FUNCTIONS AND NEURAL SKILLS)-CHILDHOOD- NEURON CONNECTIONS IN ASSOCIATION AREAS, FOR ATTENTION AND BEHAVIOR (FRONTAL LOBES), THINKING, MEMORY, LANG. CERTAIN ACTIONS WITH CERTAIN STIMULATIONMOTOR DEVELOPMENT-SITTING AT 6 M, CRAWLING AT 8-9 M, BEGINNING TO WALK AT 12 M, WALKING AT 15 MPSYCHOSOCIAL DEV.-ATTACHMENT- BIOL. BOND BETWEEN INFANT AND CAREGIVER-AINSWORTH- PARENTING. STRANGE SITUATION TEST (18-24 M).:SECURE (60%)- DISTRESSINSECURE (ANXIOUS)- CLINGY CHILD, UPSET WHEN MOTHER LEAVES AND RETURNSINSECURE (AVOIDANT)- NO FEELINGS BEFORE AND AFTER ATTACHMENT STYLESAINSWORTH (4):SECURE- RESPONSIVE PARENTINGAVOIDANT- PARENTS UNCOMFORTABLE WITH CHILD’S DEMANDSRESISTANT- PARENT IS SOMETIMES RESPONSIVE, SOMETIMES DISTANT DISORGANIZED- PARENT IS SCARY/ABUSIVE ATTACHMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD-REPEATED INTERACTIONS= “SCHEMA”, “WORKING MODELS”, FORMEDSECURE ATTACHMENT-BETTER EMOTION CONTROL, SOCIALLY GOOD, ACADEMICALLY GOOD, NEITHER BULLIES/BULLIED, INDEPENDENCE INSECURE ATTACHMENT-INSECURE-ANXIOUS, RESISTANT BAD EMOTIONAL CONTROL, DEPENDENT, BULLIED-INSECURE-AVOIDANTNOT AWARE OF EMOTIONS, TOO INDEPENDENT, BULLY-NO GOOD ATTACHMENT- CAN GET EARNED SECURITY AND BE RESILIENT WITH OTHER RELATIONSHIPS W/ OTHER PEOPLE -DEPRIVATION/ABUSE= TROUBLE WITH SECURE RELATIONSHIPSATTACHMENT IN ADULTHOOD-SECURE- SECURE AUTONOMOUS -AVOIDANT- DISMISSING-RESISTANT- PREOCCUPIED-DISORGANIZED- FEARFUL/ UNRESOLVED SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT- PARENTING STYLES-CHILD- ATTACHMENT, THEN SOCIALIZATION-SOCIALIZATION- PATTERNS OF BEHAV. AND THOUGHT-BAUMRIND’S PARENTING STYLES:CONTROL (LIMITS, DISCIPLINE)CARING (COMMUNICATION, POSITIVITY)3 STYLES:-AUTHORITARIAN- HARD (CHILDREN: INDEP, SOCIALLY WELL)-PERMISSIVE- SOFT-AUTHORITATIVE- JUST RIGHTERIKSON’S 8 STAGES OF MAN + PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY-FOLLOWED FREUDTRUST VS. MISTRUST- 0-1.5AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT- 1.5-3.5INITIATIVE VS. GUILT- 3.5-5INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY- 6-PUBERTYIDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION- ADOLESCENCEINTIMACY VS. ISOLATION- YOUNG ADULTGENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION- MID ADULTINTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR- OLDCOG.DEVELOPMENT-FIRST AND MOST FAMOUS- PIAGET COG. THEORY. CONTROVERSIAL, CHILDREN START AS BLANK SLATE. 4 PIAGET STAGES OF COG. GROWTH:1) SENSORIMOTOR- BIRTH-22) PREOPERATIONAL- 2-73) CONCRETE OPERATIONAL- 7-114) FORMAL OPERATIONAL- 12+-COG GROWTH: W/ 2 PROCESSES- ASSIMILATION (BLENDING TOGETHER INFO AS ONE CATEGORY), AND ACCOMMODATION (CREATING A NEW SCHEMA) -SENSORIMOTOR- SENSES, REFLEXES, NOT HAVE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS, OBJECT PERMANENCE - OBJECT DEVELOPMENT (OBJECT DISAPPEARING) -PREOPERATIONAL- SYMBOLS, WORDS, CAN PRETEND, IMITATE, BASIC MEMORY, BUT NO WORLD UNDERSTANDING/LOGICAL OPERATIONS. EGOCENTRIC- NO PERCEIVING FROM ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE, APPEARANCES- CENTERED, INFLEXIBLE -CONCRETE OPERATIONAL- 6-7, TO 11. LOGICAL OPERATIONS, CONVERSATION. SIMPLE MATH, REAL REAL-WORLD SITUATIONS.-FORMAL OPERATIONAL- BEGINS WITH TEEN YEARS. ABSTRACT, HYPOTHETICALS, PROBABILITIES, VARIABLES, METACOGNITION (THINK ABOUT ONE’S OWN THINKING AND UNDERSTANDING THE WORLD) LEV VYGOTSKY-RUSSIAN, DEV. PSYCH. COG DEV IS INSEPARABLE FROM SOCIAL CONTEXT. ALL THINKING IS SOCIAL.-CHILDREN ARE MENTORED BY OLDERS, OLDERS SHOULD DO SCAFFOLDING -ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENTINTO ADULTHOOD-LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE- DEVELOPMENT IS LIFELONG-GIRLS MENARCHE- 12, BOYS- 13. -ERIK ERIKSON- ADOLESCENCE IS A STRUGGLE TO FORM AN IDENTITY/ DIFFERENT “SELVES”, ROLE CONFUSION.ONE ROLE= FORECLOSUREADOLESCENCE-ADULT IDENTITIES- REACTIVE, AND ACHIEVED IDENTITY -EGOCENTRIC THINKING- FOCUS ON PRESENT, IMAGINARY AUDIENCE YOUNG ADULTHOOD-INTIMACY AND PRODUCTIVITY EMERGING ADULTHOOD -18-25 MIDDLE ADULTHOODMENOPAUSE, GENERATIVITY, SANDWICH GENERATION- CARING FOR BOTH OLD AND YOUNG OLDER ADULTHOOD-CHANGES IN ROLES-TELOMERES (TIPS AT END OF CHROMOSOMES)- WEAR WITH AGE PERSONALITYDEF: UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS THAT DEFINE/DIFFERENTIATE A PERSON FROM ANOTHER -TWO ASSUMPTIONS:PEOPLE HAVE A CONSISTENT WAY OF BEINGCHARACTERISTIC WAYS OF BEHAVIOR DIFFERENTIATES THEM PERSONALITY THEORIES-WE HAVE IMPLICIT THEORIES OF PERSONALITY-MAJOR THEORIES: BIO, PSYCHOANALYTIC, LEARNING THEORY (BEHAVIORAL), HUMANISTIC, TRAIT. ALL EXCEPTFOR TRAIT THEORY DESCRIBE DEV. OF PERSONALITYPSYCHOANALYTIC/DYNAMIC APPROACHES-BASED ON FREUD. OUR PERSONALITY IS DRIVEN BETWEEN OUR ANIMAL DRIVES AND INSTINCTS AND DEPENDS OF SOCIETY -3 STRUCTURES OF PERSONALITY AT CHILDHOOD, CONFLICT WITH EACH OTHERID- BASIC DRIVES FROM BIRTH, SEXUAL INSTINCTS, “PLEASURE PRINCIPLE”, ILLOGICAL. THE “DEVIL” EGO- DEMANDS OF ENV. AND ID, DECISION MAKER, “REALITY PRINCIPLE”, LOGICS SUPEREGO - FAMILY AND SOCIETY RULES, MORALS, CONSCIENCE, THE “ANGEL”EGO- TOP OF ICEBERG, SUPEREGO- MIDDLE UNDERNEATH WATER, ID, WAY UNDERNEATH-BALANCE IS WHEN WE DO ENJOY LIFE IN SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE WAYS-PERSONALITY IS THE RESULT OF WAY WE COPE WITH HANDLING OUR CONFLICTS-DEFENSE MECHANISMS- MINIMIZING ANXIETY. EGO’S METHODS:1) REPRESSION- ERASE ANXIETY FROM CONSCIOUSNESS.