PSYCHOLOGY STUDY NOTES2ND TESTLEARNING-BEHAVIORALISM (ONLY STUDY WHAT YOU OBSERVE)-LEARNING- A RELATIVELY PERMANENT MODIFICATION IN BEHAVIOR DUE TO EXPERIENCE -WHAT WE ACQUIRE IS ASSOCIATIONS (BETWEEN STIMULUS AND RESPONSE) -ASSOCIATIONSNEW ONES= PERMANENT CHANGES IN BEHAVIORLEARNING HELPS TO ADAPT TO CHANGE AND IS FLEXIBLE -SOME RELATIONSHIPS OF STIMULI AND RESPONSES ARE BIOLOGICAL, SOME IS EXPERIENCE (THIS IS LEARNING)3 TYPES:CLASSICAL (PAVLOV)OPERANT (SKINNER)VICARIOUS/OBSERVATIONAL (BANDURA)ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING-ONE STIMULUS WITH ANOTHERCLASSICAL CONDITIONING-LEARNING TO ASSOCIATE ONE STIMULUS WITH ANOTHER. THEY KNOW ONE WILL HAPPEN BECAUSE OF SOMETHING BEFOREOPERANT CONDITIONING-RESPONSE WITH A CONSEQUENCE. DO SOMETHING, GET SOMETHING, KEEP DOING ITCLASSICAL CONDITIONING-PAVLOV (1849-1936)-FOOD (UNC STIMULUS)-SALIVATION (UNC RESPONSE)-TONE (NEUTRAL STIMULUS). DOESN’T CAUSE SALIVATION, BUT IS ASSOCIATED AFTER CONDITIONING.-DURING CONDITIONING= NO LEARNING, AFTER CONDITIONING= NEUTRAL TONNE NOW CAUSES SALIVATION (CR)ACQUISITION-WHEN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NEUTRAL STIMULUS AND UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS TAKES PLACE.-FOR CONDITIONING TO OCCUR, NEUTRAL STIMULUS NEEDS TO COME BEFORE US.-TIME IN BETWEEN THE TWO SHOULD BE HALF A SECONDFORWARD PAIRING-CS COMES A HALF SECOND BEFORE THE US FOR ACQUISITION TO HAPPEN. -EX: PERFUME SNIFF BEFORE A KISSEXTINCTION-WHEN US DOESN’T SHOW THE CS, THE CR (RESPONSE) DECREASES -> EXTINCTION. PAIRING STOPS.STIMULUS GENERALIZATION-RESPONDING TO STIMULI LIKE THE CS-EX: PAVLOV STIMULATED THIGH OF DOG. OTHER PARTS OF BODY= SALIVATION TOO, BUT NOT AS MUCHPAVLOV AND WATSON-CLASSICAL CONDITIONING. THEY CONSIDER CONSCIOUSNESS UNFIT FOR SCIENTIFIC PSYCH.-UNDERESTIMATED COGNITIVE PROCESS AND BIO RESTRAINTS-ALSO BELIEVE LEARNING IS SAME FOR HUMANS AND ANIMALS-LATER, BEHAVIORALISTS SUGGEST THAT ASSOCIATIONS FOR ANIMALS ARE LIMITED BY BIOLOGY-PAVLOV’S BIGGEST CONTRIBUTION IS ISOLATING ELEMENTARY BEHAVIORS FROM COMPLEX BY USING THE SCIENTIFIC PROCEDUREBIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITIONS-GARCIA-TASTE IS BIOLOGICAL FOR CONDITIONING, BUT OTHER STIMULI (SIGHT AND SOUND) DID NOT-CLASSICAL CONDITIONING EXPLAINS: PHOBIAS, PARAPHILIAS (FETISHES), EVOCATIVE MUSIC/SMELLS, ADVERTISING-SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION- TREATMENT FOR PHOBIAS-RELAPSE PREVENTION- FORMER DRUGGIES AVOID PEOPLE/PLACES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DRUG USE-BODY GETS USED TO DRUG IF IT IS FAMILIAR WITH A PLACE. UNFAMILIAR PLACES= OVERDOSEOPERANT CONDITIONING-DIFFERENCES:CLASSICAL: AUTOMATIC RESPONSE (RESPONDENT BEHAVIOR)OPERANT: OPERATES IN ENV, REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS (OPERANT BEHAVIOR)REINFORCEMENT- ANYTHING THAT STRENGTHENS BEHAVIOR, IT FOLLOWS (MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR AGAIN)POSITIVE: ADDING SOMETHING WE WANTNEGATIVE: REMOVING SOMETHING WE DON’T WANTPUNISHMENT- SOMETHING BAD THAT HAPPENS WHICH REDUCES BEHAVIORPOSITIVE: ADD SOMETHING BADNEGATIVE: GET RID OF SOMETHING BAD-SOMETIMES LEADS TO AVOIDANCEREINFORCERSPRIMARY: INNATELY REINFORCING (LIKE FOOD)CONDITIONED: LEARNED, GETS IT FROM ASSOCIATION IMMEDIATE REINFORCER- REINFORCER THAT COMES INSTANTLY AFTER A BEHAVIOR DELAYED REINFORCER- DELAYED IN TIME (EX: PAYCHECK COMES AFTER A WEEK)EXTRINSIC REINFORCEMENT- EXTERNAL FORCES- FROM OTHERS OR ENV/SITUATIONINTRINSIC REINFORCEMENT- YOU ARE MOTIVATED BY YOURSELF/ DO IT FOR YOURSELFSHAPING-GUIDE BEHAVIOR- A LITTLE BIT OF LEARNING AT A TIME-PREDICTABILITY AND FREQUENCY DETERMINE EXTINCTIONCONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT- REINFORCEMENT EVERY TIMEPARTIAL (INTERMITTENT) REINFORCEMENT- REINFORCEMENT ONLY PART OF THE TIMEFIXED-RATIO- REINFORCEMENT IS ONLY FOR A CERTAIN # OF RESPONSESVARIABLE-RATIO- REINFORCEMENT IS UNPREDICTABLE # OF RESPONSESFIXED-INTERVAL- SPECIFIED TIME FOR THE REINFORCEMENTVARIABLE-INTERVAL- UNPREDICTABLE TIME FOR THE REINFORCEMENTEXTINCTION IN OPERANT- BEHAVIOR ONLY GETS EXTINCTED BECAUSE IT’S NOT REINFORCEDDISCRIMINATION IN OPERANT- SPECIFIC FEATURES IN ENVIRONMENT CAN HELP BEH. REINF.SKINNER-INNER THOUGHT, BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. WAS CRITICIZED FOR DISCOUNTING THEMCOGNITIVE MAPS-MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS, LAYOUT OF MAZE/ENVIRONMENT-RATS IN MAZE IS EX OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES DURING OPERANT LEARNINGLATENT LEARNING-APPARENT, LEARNING IS REALIZED ONLY WHEN INCENTIVE IS GIVEN-OPERANT CONDITIONING AFFECTS PRODUCTIVITY, GOOD BEHAVIOROBSERVATIONAL LEARNING-BANDURA, BOBO DOLL (1961)-CHILDREN LEARN WITH IMITATION, REWARDS, AND PUNISHMENTS-ANTISOCIAL MODELS (FAMILY, NEIGHBORHOOD, TV) = ANTISOCIAL EFFECTS-POSITIVE OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING- PROSOCIAL (POSITIVE, HELPFUL)= PROSOCIAL EFFECTS-IMITATION STARTS 12-14 MONTHS, USUALLY LEARNED FROM TV. 8-10 MONTHS, PROCESS WHAT THEY SEE-MIRROR NEURONS- BIO BASIS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING? ACTIVE WHEN YOU DO, AND WATCH SOMEONE DO THE SAME THING.MEMORYENCODE, STORE, RETRIEVE INFO FROM PAST TO AFFECT PRESENT.-IS MEMORY ONE SYSTEM, OR MANY INTERCONNECTED?BASIC MEMORY PROCESSES1)ENCODING-HOW IT WORKS: CODE, THEN PUT INTO MEMORY-HOW DEEP THE ENCODING IS MATTERS.-VISUAL, AUDITORY, SEMANTIC2)STORAGE-HOW IT WORKS: MAINTAIN MEMORY -CHANGES IN SYNAPSE CONNECTION, DISTRIBUTED3)RETRIEVAL -HOW IT WORKS: RECOVER FROM MEMORY-RETRIEVAL CUES AND CONTEXT DEPENDENCEBETTER TO CONNECT/ATTACH SOMETHING TO REMEMBER IT BETTER, PUT SOMETHING UNIQUE TO IT.RELATIONSHIP AMONG MEMORY PROCESSES-HOW ITS ENCODED=HOW ITS STORED. ALSO INFLUENCES RETRIEVAL.ATKINSON-SHIFFRIN MODEL-MEMORY IS 3 STAGES-THE STAGES INCLUDE ITSOWN CAPACITY, DURATION,AND INFORMATION FROMONE PLATFORM TO ANOTHERTHROUGH VARIOUSCOGNITIVE PROCESSESSENSORY MEMORY (ORSENSORY REGISTERS)-JUST A SENSATION, IT FADES-IMPRESSIONS- OUR BRAIN DECIDES WHETHER THAT MEMORY IS IMPORTANT OR NOT-ICONIC MEM (IMAGES, 1 SEC). ECHOIC MEM (SOUND, 3 SEC)-OUR AWARENESS/WHAT WE CHOOSE (AKA SELECTIVE ATTENTION), MOVES FROM SENSORY MEMORY TO ANOTHER KIND. -COCKTAIL PARTY PHENOMENON= IF OUR ATTENTION COMES TO IT, OUR SENSORY MEM BECOMES SHORT-TERM, AKA THE NEXT STAGE (WE HOLD IT BETTER IN SHORT-TERM).SHORT-TERM MEMORY (WORKING MEMORY)-CONSCIOUS AWARENESS INFORMATION, ANY REMEMBERING/MANIPULATING INFORMATION GOES INTO STM. -ALSO NEW INFO, AND ALSO INFO FROM AN EXPERIENCE TO COMPARE IT TO. -CAPACITY= 7 +-2 INFO AT A TIME (THE “MAGIC NUMBER”)-DURATION= TEMP, 20 SEC-2 M, NO REHEARSAL/ELABORATION= FADING, IMMEDIATE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE INFO IS NECESSARY.ENCODINGDEMONSTRATION TIME AND SERIAL POSITIONING EFFECTS: -PRIMACY EFFECT= 1ST THINGS ARE REMEMBERED BETTER-CHUNKING= GROUPING TO MAKE IT MORE MEANINGFUL-IMPROVE ENCODING- WITH IMAGERY, ACRONYMSDEEPEN LEVEL OF PROCESSING:-STRUCTURAL=