PSYCHOLOGY STUDY NOTES1ST TESTPSYCH INTROPSYCHOLOGY-SCIENTIFIC. STUDY OF BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSESBEHAVIOR-SEEABLE, DO-ABLE.MENTAL PROCESSES- HOW BRAIN WORKS, THINKING, LIKE INTUITION, EMOTIONS4 PSYCHOLOGY GOALS:BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES:1) MEASURE AND DESCRIBE (NATURALISTIC , CASE STUDY, SURVEY)-FULLY DESCRIBE AND FIGURE OUT HOW TO MEASURE. CONSISTENT=ABLE TO COMPLETE RESEARCH AND COMPARE 2) EXPLAIN (EXPERIMENTAL METHOD) -CAN WE EXPLAIN WHAT CAUSES BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES?-THEORY-EXPLANATION OF AN OBSERVATION. USING SET OF PRINCIPLES, IT ORGANIZES OBSERVATIONS AND PREDICTS BEHAVIOR/HAPPENINGS. TRY TO RELATE TO BROAD STUFF OR SPECIFIC3) PREDICT (CORRELATIONAL METHOD- PREDICT A RELATIONSHIP AND STUDY IT. WE DON’T MANIPULATE THE VARIABLES. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT= -1.0-1.0. POSITIVE CORR= BOTH UP OR DOWN, NEGATIVE CORR= DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS. STRONG= CLOSE TO THE 1’S, WEAK= CLOSE TO 0)-BASED ON WHAT WE KNOW, PERSONALITY/ACHIEVEMENT TESTS, PREVIOUS LIFE EXPERIENCES/PERSONAL TRAITS4) CONTROL/ALTER ETHICALLY-APPLIED PSYCHOLOGISTS USE WHAT THEY KNOW FROM PREVIOUS INFO AND POSITIVE BEHAVIORS (SHARING, TEAMWORK, ETC.) TO REDUCE SUFFERING, UP PERFORMANCE----PSYCHOLOGISTS DO EVERYTHING EXCEPT PRESCRIBE MEDSCLINICAL PSYCHPSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTHSOME SPECIALIZE (SOME WORK W/ CAUSES, RISK FACTORS, TREATMENTS)KNOW RESEARCH, ASSESSMENT (TESTING), PSYCHOTHERAPIESPHDCOUNSELING PSYCHHELP WITH LIFE TRANSITIONSEMPHASIS ON PEOPLE’S ADJUSTMENTS, GROWTH, COPING, SKILLS, INTERESTS, ABILITIESCOUNSELING CENTER, NOT HOSPITAL PSYCH UNITPHD + LICENSECOMMUNITY PSYCHCOMMUNITIES WORKVIEW: PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOR INFLUENCED BY PHYS, SOC, ECO, AND POLIT ENVIRONMENTENHANCED ENVIRONMENT= BETTER PSYCH HEALTH ALL ABOUT PREVENTION AND POSITIVITY GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO UNDERSERVED/DISADVANTAGED COMMUNITIESDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHDO RESEARCH IN CHANGES INVOLVING AGE. PHYSICAL, MENTAL, SOCIAL.SOME WORK WITH EDUCATION, CHILDREN, ELDERS, MATERNALS.EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHUSE TRADITIONAL LAB METHODS TO STUDY BASIC BEHAVIORAL PROCESSES.HUMANS OR ANIMALS, IN LEARNING, LANG, THINKING, MEMORY, SENSATION, ETC.FORENSIC PSYCHRESEARCH FOR LEGAL ISSUES ASSIST THE LAW ENFORCEMENT PEOPLEDO THERAPY AND ASSESSMENT COMPETENCE- CAN THEY STAND TRIAL?NGRI- NOT GUILTY, REASON OF INSANITY (AT THE TIME OF COMMITTING THE CRIME)SOCIAL PSYCHSTUDY: ATTITUDE, AGGRESSION, PREJUDICE, INTERPERSONAL INTERACTION, ROMANTIC ATTRACTION, GROUP BEHAVIOR, LEADERSHIPWORK AT UNIVERSITIESHEALTH PSYCHPROMOTE HEALTH, PREVENT DISEASE. INDIVIDUALS AND POPULATIONSRESEARCH FOR: WEIGHT LOSS, SMOKING, SLEEP, PAIN MANAGEMENT, RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORWORK IN PUBLIC SYSTEMSSPORTS PSYCHSTUDY RELATION OF PSYCH TO SPORTS FOR BETTER PERFORMANCE, LOWER ANXIETY, TEAM BUILDING, SPORTS ENGAGEMENT.INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHSTUDY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PEOPLE AND THEIR WORKUP PRODUCTIVITY, REDUCE CONFLICT, ETC.---PSYCHOLOGIST= MASTERS AND PHD, RESEARCH, ASSESSMENT, AND PSYCH TREATMENT---PHYSIOLOGIST=MASTERS, MENTAL DISORDERSPSYCHOLOGY’S HISTORY1ST LAB- LATE 19TH CENT.ORIGINS: PHILOSOPHY, PHYSIOLOGY (MULLER, FLOURENS, BROCA, VON HELMHOLTZ)WUNDT: FIRST TO CALL HIMSELF A PSYCHFIRST PSYCH LABAPPROACH: STRUCTURALISM (MIND AND EXPERIENCE)EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND INTROSPECTION (RELATIONS OF EXPERIENCES)WILLIAM JAMES: AMERICAN. INFLUENCE: DARWINFUNCTIONALISM: ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS- PRACTICAL, LOOKS WHAT WHAT THINGS DO.MODERN PERSPECTIVES AND APPROACHES:NEUROBIOLOGICAL/PHYSIOLOGICAL -BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES ARE EXPLAINED BY NERVOUS SYSTEM, BRAIN, HORMONES, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, AND CHEMICALSBEHAVIOR GENETICS-EFFECTS OF GENES AND ENVIRONMENT ON BEHAVIORPSYCHODYNAMIC-BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES EXPLAINED BY UNCONSCIOUS/EMOTIONS. EXPLAINS SEX, AGGRESSION, SECURITY, POWER, VS. ENVIRONMENTAL OBSTACLES -PEOPLE: HORNEY, ERICKSON, FREUDBEHAVIORAL-BELIEVES PSYCH CAN ONLY BE STUDIED SCIENTIFICALLY THROUGH LOOKING AT HUMAN AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOR-SHAPED BY REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS FROM ENVIRONMENT-PEOPLE: WATSON, PAVLOV, SKINNERHUMANISTIC-POSITIVITY. WE CHOOSE, WE AREN’T CONTROLLED.-BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES EXPLAINED BY SELF ACTUALIZATION (HEALTHY GROWTH) AND INDIVIDUAL CHOICES BASED ON VIEW OF WORLD-PEOPLE: MASLOW, ROGERSCOGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR DETERMINED BY ENCODED, STORED, RETRIEVED INFO FROM THE BRAIN-MIND= PROBLEM SOLVER-OPPOSITE VIEW OF BEHAVIORISTS (THEY THINK ONLY BEHAVIOR COUNTS/IS STUDYABLE)SOCIO-CULTURAL-BEHAVIOR IS EXPLAINED BY SOCIETY, PEERS, FAMILY, MEDIA, GROUPSBIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODELBEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES → BIO, PSYCHO, AND SOCIOCULTURAL INFLUENCESCRITICAL THINKING- MAKING CLAIMS AND JUDGEMENTS BASED ON SUPPORTED EVIDENCE-RATIONAL (REASON, NOT EMOTION)-INCLUDES BIASES-REVISE OLD EVIDENCE TO ADJUST TO NEW EVIDENCE-SLOW TO CONCLUSIONS5 QUESTIONS:1) WHAT AM I BEING ASKED TO BELIEVE?2) WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE?3) ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO INTERPRETING THE EVIDENCE?4) WHAT HELPS TO EVALUATE THE ALTERNATIVES?5) BEST CONCLUSIONS?CRITICAL THINKING AND SCIENCE: SCIENCE IS LOGICAL, EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION, SKEPTICAL, AND SELF CORRECTINGSCIENTIFIC METHOD:1) IDENTIFY QUESTION OF INTEREST. PEOPLE: EKMAN.2) FORMULATE EXPLANATION AND HYPOTHESIS. THEORY (BROAD PREDICTION) ->HYPOTHESIS (RELATIONSHIP FORM, PREDICTION, TESTABLE) 3) DO RESEARCH. MEASURE WITH CONCEPTS AND VARIABLES. FOUR STUDY METHODS: CASE, OBSERVATIONAL, CORRELATIONAL, EXPERIMENTAL. DO DATA, INTERPRET, PUBLISH, REPEAT HYPOTHESIS- STATEMENT, OF CAUSE AND EFFECTINDEPENDENT VARIABLE- MANIPULATED, DEPENDENT- CHANGESCONTROL GROUP- USED TO COMPARE TO EXPERIMENTAL GROUP EXPERIMENTAL GROUP- GETS THE TREATMENTPLACEBO- NO EFFECT, USED AS A CONTROL EXPERIMENTER BIAS- WHEN EXPERIMENTER’S EXPECTATIONS MAY CHANGE RESULTSDOUBLE BLIND- BOTH DON’T KNOW WHAT TREATMENT IS TO WHO GENERALIZABILITY- DEGREE TO WHICH A STUDY’S RESULTS CAN REP THE WHOLE POPULATIONBRAIN AND NEURONS/NERVESOLD BELIEF- MIND-BODY DUALISM, MIND WAS SEPARATE FROM BODYPSYCHOLOGICAL SELF IS CONNECTED TO PHYSICAL SELF= MATERIALISMBIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES UNDERLIES BEHAVIOR AND THOUGHT, ALSO ENVIRONMENTAL FORCESNERVOUS SYSTEMBASIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS, BRAIN AND SPINE) AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS, OTHER NERVE CELLS)CNS DEVELOPS AFTER FERTILIZATION, LOOKS LIKE LONG TUBE (CALLED NEURAL TUBE). THEN FORMS CLUMP OF NEURONS, NO TUBE LOOK. MAKES THREE SECTIONS (HINDBRAIN (BRAINSTEM), MIDBRAIN (LIMBIC SYSTEM), FOREBRAIN (CEREBRUM)NEURON100 MILLION. HAVE: CELL MEMBRANE, ORGANELLES, DNAGLIAL CELLS- SUPPORT, GIVE NUTRIENTS, HELP MAKE