Biology exam 2 review questions1. What are 5 super-groups of Eukaryotes?Five super-groups of Eukaryotes: Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Unikonta2. What features characterize organisms in super-groups Excavata and Chromalveolata?Super-group Excatava:- Exhibit concave region on one side of the cell- All are unicellular- Some distinguished by reduced mitochondria- Sometimes viewed as most archaic of eukaryotes- Phylogenetic status is uncertainSuper-group Chormalveolata: - Has two distinct clades: alveolata and stramenopila- Derived via 2° endosymbiosis: red algae + heterotrophic eukaryote- Most are photosynthetic3. Distinguish between primary and secondary endosymbiotic events.Primary endosymbiotic events: origins of mitochondria and chloroplastsSecondary endosymbiotic events: Eukaryote endosymbiosis, photosynthetic eukaryotes that have evolved via eukaryote4. What 2 groups of “algae” appeared after the primary endosymbiotic event?2 groups of “algae” that appeared after the primary endosymbiotic events: Green algae and red algae5. What characteristic do the Diplomonadia and Parabasala share? Provide one example genus for each group.Traits that Diplomonadida and Parabasala share: Reduced mitochondriaExample of Diplomonadida: Giardia intestinalsExample of Parabasalia: Trichomonas6. Which taxa included in the Excavata and Chromalveolata are principally or fully parasitic?Taxa included in the Excavata and Chromalveolata that are principally or fully parasitic: Diplomonatida, Parabasalia7. Which taxa included in the Excavata and Chromalveolata are derived from secondary endosymbiosis?Taxa included in Excavata and Chromalveolata that are derived from secondary endosymbiosis: Eugllenozoans, Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Ciliates, Diatoms, Golden algae, Brown Algae, Oomycetes,8. At the level of clade, how is Euglena related to Trypanosoma? What disease is caused by Trypanosoma?Trypanosoma → Kinetoplastid → EuglenozoaTrypanosoma causes what disease?: African sleeping sickness9. Life cycle stages known as merozoites and sporozoites are characteristic of what genus?Merozoites and Sporozoite genus: human OR plasmodium10. Distinguish between the following 2 phenomena: red tides and bioluminescence. What “protists” are associated with these phenomena?Bioluminescent: Genera of the phulum Pyrnophyta (Dinoflagellates)Red tide: The result of dinophyte population explosion. The cells possess high levels of carotenoids. Leads to paralytic shellfish poisoningThe formation of Red tide: Dinophytes secrete neurotoxin: saxitoxin → invertebrates accumulate saxitoxin levels → invertebrate predators develop poison symptoms11. What is Pfiesteria? Describe the effects of this organism on fish.Pfiesteria: a possible predatory protestPfiesteria’s effects on fish:- Produces nerve toxins- Secretese digestive enxymes- Causes lesions and kills the fish12. Distinguish between “theca” and “frustule”.Theca: cellulose plates that are interior to the plasma membrane of a dinophyteFrustule: SiO2 shell in a diatom13. What group of protists is characterized by some of the most complex forms of unicellular life, and the possession of 2 nuclei/cell, a macro and micronucleus?Chromalveolata: clade alveolata, ciliates:- Free-living, neterotrophic- Freshwater, marine, moist soil- Most complex unicellular organism- Characterized by 2 nuclei: macronucleus and micronucleus- Also characterized by extensive cilia14. What feature (clade-level) unifies organisms as diverse as “water molds”, diatoms and brown algae?Clade stramenopila: unifies water molds, Diatoms, golden algae, and Brown algae15. What features distinguish “water molds” from the fungi? Phylogenetically are the 2 groups closely related?Non-fungal features of water molds: cell walls with cellulose, flagellate cells in life cycleAre water molds and fungi related: yes16. Phytophthora is the causative agent of what plant diseases?Phtrophthora: agent of “potato late blight” and “sudden oak death”17. In general, what 2 frustule shapes characterize members of the phylum Bacillariophyta?2 frustule shapes that characterize Bacillariophyta: - Centric = centrales: radical symmetry- Pennate = pennales: bilateral symmetry18. What phylum is distinguished by the following features: no cellular forms, synthesis of alginic acid, essentially all marine.Phylum Phaeophyta: contains the following features: no unicellular forms, synthesis of alginic acid, all marine19. From an evolutionary perspective, what unites members of the super-group Achaeplastida?Archaeplastida: primary endosymbiosis descendants, 2 membrane plastids20. Compare and contrast green and red algae in terms of growth forms, pigment, and distribution.Green algae: Ps pigments: chlorophylls a and b, uses starch as an energy storageRed algae:- Marine, some freshwater- Unicellular filamentous/branching, parenchymous- No flagellulated stages- Ps pigment: phycoerythnin absorbs blue/green wavelengths- “understory” component of marine ecosystemsQuizlet link: