BS 162 1st Edition Lecture 11Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium- A way to test whether the assumptions of HW are violated and evolution could be occurring in a population- If NO evolution is occurring, then a population is in HWE and the null hypothesis is supported- If a population is not in HWE, there is some evidence of the population evolving. Better evidence would be a change in allele frequency over timeHardy Weinberg Requirements- Large population- Random mating- No immigration/emigration- No mutation- No selectionSurvival of the Fittest- Resources are limited in nature- Some individuals will not get enough resources to survive and/or reproduce. Therefore, individuals differ in their fitness (the number of offspring produced).- Fitness of individuals can be determined by traits that help the individual obtain resources in their environment- Selection favors those traits that confer the highest fitness in their environmentThe Process of EvolutionTheory of natural selection – based on 2 key observations!1) Overproduction of offspring2) Individual heritable variation- Natural selection causes adaptive evolution of a population. Remember: individual does not evolve!!- Inference: differential reproductive success = natural selectionFitness has many components…These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Fitness lumps together everything that is important to natural selection (survival, mate-finding, reproduction, caring for offspring)- The fittest individual is not necessarily the strongest, fastest, etcDe-extinction? Genetics, evolution, and ecology meet- Over 90% of species that have lived on Earth have gone extinct- Should humans’ de-extinct animals?- Which animals?How does de-extinction work?- Get DNA and sequence genome- Get an egg from a closely related species and replace the DNA in the egg with DNA from the extinct organism- Hope/control that developmental processes work properly and the organism is born/hatched/etc…Sexual Selection- When a certain individual of a population goes out of its way to appear attractive to the opposite sex. Mainly males are the one’s that go out of their way to attract the female. Lions have manes, birds have certain colors or songs they sing,