BS 162 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 –11Be sure you can answer the following questions/do the following things:Can you read a blurb and come up with a null and alternative hypothesis?-Null hypothesis: states that there is no relationship between the two variables being compared- Alternative hypothesis: states the relationship and direction of the relationship between the two variables being comparedCan you read about an experiment that was done and critique it and/or decide what the claim, evidence and warrant are for the experiment?- Claim: what the experiment is claiming to have a relationship- Evidence: the examples they give as to why they can make their claim- Warrant: any continuous or very strong evidence that supports theirclaim. Something that will make you believe there is no reason the claim is not trueCan you come up with an experiment to test some hypotheses?- Be sure to include null, and alternative and variables (independent and dependent)Can you draw a graph using either continuous or categorical data? Label it properly with axis labels, legend? Could you draw data with a high r2 value? low r2 value? high variance? Low variance?- Continuous = can be counted out, numbers (i.e. age)- Categorical = things put into groups (i.e. hair color)- Legend should explain what the graph is showing, but not state any results that can be found in it. Can you interpret data shown in a graph or table form to decide which hypothesis it would support?Can you draw a stick model of DNA? Can you label the various structures (genes, alleles, centromeres, chromatids)?- Genes may be like “R” or “B”- Alleles may be like “R1 vs R2” or “B vs b”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Centromeres are at the center of the stick model and are on ALL CHROMOSOMES EVEN UNREPLICATED- Chromatids are the two halves to a replicated chromosome and will be exactly the sameCan you draw a nucleotide base model of DNA? Could you represent a SNP?- SNP = when a specific base pair gets switched during replicationCan you determine a person’s phenotype given their genotype and vice versa- Phenotype = the characteristics given based on the genotype (i.e. BB and Bb = black hair while bb = blonde hair)- Genotype = the genotypes given to decide the phenotype (i.e. BB, Bb, or bb)Can you organize genetic information from smallest to largest?- Nucleotide base  gene  chromosome  karyotypeDo you understand what a gene codes for and how different versions of the gene change the protein and affect an organism?- Different genes will code for different proteins and proteins are what determine the functions Can you draw chromosomes before and after DNA replication and mitosis?- One stick model, vs two sticks connected at the center by a centromere (must be identical)Can you determine the products of mitosis?- Replicated chromosomes that are now sister chromatidsCan you represent heterozygous versus homozygous individuals for a specific gene?- Heterozygous = Bb- Homozygous = BB or bbCan you draw a box and arrow model of the pathway for genes to proteins and include mutations, variations in gene expression (cat fur color), epigenetic effects (video HW5)?Can you draw a cell undergoing meiosis? Properly line up tetrads? Produce gametes?- Tetrads: the chromosomes lined up before they are splitThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Gametes are the final end product of meiosis with all of the possiblevariationsCan you draw a model or explain non-disjunction during meiosis?- Non-disjunction is if in a gamete after meiosis there was supposed to be 2 chromosomes in each cell and instead one cell has 3 chromosomes and one cell has only 1Can you explain how independent assortment and crossing over create large variation in gametes produced by a single individual?Can you solve inheritance problems that involve various patterns of inheritance such as- Dominant/recessive- Incomplete dominance (pink Snapdragons)- Codominance (blood types)- Epistasis (Labrador dog coat color)- Pleiotropy- Polygenic (skin color)Can you fill out a Punnett squares?- Remember if you are crossing LLPp and LlPp to use the “FOIL” methodto help find all of your gametes to give you all of your starting optionsCan you explain different ways in which a genotype does not always perfectly equal a phenotype?- Environmental effects - Genotype x environmental effects- Change in gene expression- EpistasisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a