Psych 380 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 8 10 1 Major depressive disorder is diagnosed based on at least symptoms lasting at least weeks 5 including mood 2 2 Approximately percent of people will experience major depressive disorder during their lifetime 16 17 3 Among adults depressive symptoms must last for at least years to qualify for a DSM 5 diagnosis of dysthymia 2 4 Worldwide approximately out of every 1000 people will experience a manic episode during their lifetime 6 5 Bipolar I disorder is diagnosed on the basis of episodes and bipolar II disorder is diagnosed on the basis of episodes Manic hypomanic 6 Estimates of heritability are approximately percent for MDD and percent for bipolar I disorder a 60 93 b 20 100 c 37 93 d 10 59 7 Depression and mania involve diminished receptor sensitivity of which of the following neurotransmitter systems a Acetylcholine b Serotonin c Dopamine d Norepinephrine 8 Recent models suggest that depression is a Related to absolute levels of neurotransmitters b Related to changes in receptor sensitivity for neurotransmitters c Unrelated to neurotransmitter systems 9 In depression deregulation of the HPA axis is shown by a Hypersensitivity of the pituitary gland b Failure to suppress cortisol by dexamethasone c Too little cortisol d Elevated parasympathetic nervous system activity 10 Major depressive episodes are commonly preceded by stressful life events T 11 Most people who experience a stressful life event develop MDD F 12 GAD is defined by a Worry b Panic attacks c Fear of situations in which escapes would be hard d Obsessions and compulsions 13 The odds that a person will develop an anxiety disorder sometime during his or her lifetime are at least a 1 in 10 b 1 in 5 c 1 in 4 d 1 in 2 14 is a personality trait characterized by a tendency to react to events with intense negative effect Neuroticism 15 A key structure in the fear circuit is the a Cerebellum b Amygdala c Occipital cortex d Inferior colliculi 16 D cycloserine a Cannot be used with exposure treatment b Has no effect on the outcome of exposure treatment c Bolsters the effects of exposure treatment