Exam #1 Study Guide Lectures 1-2Lecture 1 (January 14)1. Define psychological disorder- Psychological dysfunction associated with distress- Impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response.2. What is the science of psychopathology?• The scientific study of psychological disorders.3. Characteristics of stigma include all of the following except:a. a label reflecting desirable characteristicsb. discrimination against those with the label c. focus on differences between those with and without the labeld. labeling a group of people who are different 4. Which of the following definitions of mental disorder is currently thought best?a. personal distressb. harmful dysfunctionc. norm violationd. none of the above5. __________was a French neurologist who was influenced by the work of ____________. Charcot, Mesmer6. ____________ developed the cathartic method, which ________ later built on in the development of psychoanalysis. Breuer, Freud7. True or false? Positive reinforcement refers to increasing a desired behavior while negative reinforcement refers to eliminating an undesirable behavior. F8. True or false? Systematic desensitization involves mediation and relaxation. F Lecture 2 (January 21) 1. The process by which genes are turned on or off is referred to as:a. heritabilityb. gene expressionPsych 380 12th Editionc. polygenicd. gene switching2. ________ refers to different forms of the same gene; _______ refers to different genes contributing to a disorder. a. allele; polygenicb. polygenic; allele c. allele; polymorphismd. polymorphism; allele3. The so-called limbic system of the brain includes the following brain areas: ___________________ __________ ___________ and __________. Hypothalamus, anterior cingulate, septal area, hippocampus, amygdala4. The HPA consist of the ________ ______ and ___________. Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex.5. True or false? In the Stroop task, interference is measured by how long it takes to namethe color of the ink in a list of words. T6. Beck’s theory suggests people have distortions in the way they perceive life’s experiences. T7. Emotions consists of at least three components: expression, experience, and physiology. T8. Sociocultural factors such as gender, culture, ethnicity, and social relationships are less important to consider in the neuroscience paradigm.