POLS 101 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 15Study Guide for POLS 101 Exam 1Jan 21-23 Lectures1. Advantages of democracy are it promotes individual freedoms, makes better decisions with the input of many, citizen development, and it promotes the public good.2. Thomas Hobbes- Wrote Leviathan in 1651- man’s basic motivation in life is to avoid being hurt. Individuals would get power to protect themselves, and believed in social contract theory.3. Hobbes and Locke agreed upon the need for a social contract, that citizens would give up certain freedoms in exchange for government protection.4. Locke’s Basic Dilemma- We need government strong enough in authority to protect and respond to citizen’s needs. Citizens need enough control over government so it does not infringe on citizen’s rights. 5. Mayo’s 4 Necessary but not Necessarily Sufficient Conditions for Democracy-Public control of the government, political equality, freedom to choose (civil rights), majority rule with protection of minority rights.6. It can be difficult for citizens to use elections to control government because you can vote for leaders whose decisions you will agree with but if you end up disagreeing you must wait for the next election to vote a different candidate into office. 7. Major restriction placed on Majority when they are in power, they must protect minorityrights. Majority cannot dismiss or limit the minorities ability to voice opinion.Jan. 26- Jan 30 Lectures8. Problems that arose under Articles of Confederation- States did not agree a lot, shays rebellion occurred, the economy was struggling, trade wars between states began.9. Problems within the Articles of Confederation- States coined own currency, federal government could no tax its citizens it had to rely on states giving money to national government. Federal government could not regulate commerce. The powers the 10.-Framers of constitution created a Republic not a Democracy because they did not trust citizens. Overtime we have moved to a democracy.10. Articles of Confederation gave to the national government was right to declare war, rightto establish post office, right to make treaties.11. The United States is a Republic. A republic is a system of government where a small group of elected representatives act on behalf of many and if they act accordingly withwhat public wants, it becomes a representative democracy. A democracy utilizes popularcitizens. 12. 3 Limitations of Government Power Found in Constitution- Separation of powers into branches, Checks and balances, and the bill of rights. 13. Separation of Powers- 3 branches of government with each having separate jobs.14. Federalism is a way of organizing a nation, so that two levels of government have formal authority over the same area and the same people at the same time. Feb 2- Feb 5 Lectures15. Civil Rights- the right to political and social freedom of equality.Civil Liberties- Individuals rights, protected by law, from unjust government or interference.16. Freedom of speech is partially protected17. Miller V. California- attempt by Supreme Court to define obscene speech with the tests of community standards of obscenities, the work has serious scientific, artistic, or political value, judge work as whole.18. Beliefs are most protected, Speech is second most protected, and actions are the least protected.19. Unprotected and Partially Protected Speech- Libel (written word that is malicious and false about a public figure), Obscenity, and fighting words.20. Void for Vagueness- If a law restricting free expression is so vague that it is unclear to citizens, the law on free expression is unconstitutional because citizens may restrict theirspeech to avoid violating the law.21. Least Drastic Means- If government limits free expression because it wants to protect citizens, the courts will want to know if there is a less intrusive way to accomplish the same goal.22. Content and Viewpoint Neutrality- If a law limits free expression of a particular set of people, the law is more likely to be unconstitutional than if the government prohibits the expression of many peoples views.23. Employment Division V. Smith 1990- U.S. Supreme Court ruled that certain religious beliefs must comply with the law.24. The US Bill of Rights did NOT apply to states in the 19th Century.25. 14th Amendment- No state shall make or enforce any law that limits privileges or immunities of US. Citizens. States may not deprive any person of equal protection of law.26. Indictment by Grand Jury- Amendment 5- Indictment is a formal process where government takes suspect in from of court to announce precisely what the charge is. A Grand Jury determines if case can be seen in court or not. 27. Right to Council- Amendment 6- Accused have right to be represented.28. Gideon V. Wainwright 1963- Supreme Court ruled that lawyer must be provided to the accused.Feb 9- Feb 13 Lecture29. 13th Amendment- Prohibits Slavery at the end of civil war.30. Practices by Southern states to prevent African Americans from voting are the Grandfather Clause, Literary tests, and Poll taxes.31. Individuals who were sent to Japanese Internment Camps in the 1940’s were American Citizens who were of Japanese Descent.32. In 1983, The United States Government formally apologized and paid reparations to those affected by Japanese Interment Camps. 33. 19th Amendment- Women received the right to vote in 192034. Hispanic Americans are becoming more important to voting and election outcomes due to the increasingly Hispanic dominated regions, they must appeal to the ethnic group. Hispanics are becoming more educated and voting more frequently. 35. Native Americans were given the right to vote in 1924.36. Children of Illegal Aliens cannot be refused a public education.37. Legal Aliens are entitled to welfare benefits. 38. Legal and illegal aliens can be prevented from holding certain federal jobs. Feb 16- Feb 20 Lectures39. Federal Government Powers-regulative interstate commerce and commerce with foreignnations, declaring war, authority to provide army and navy, establish post office, make treaties, coin money.State Powers-regulating intrastate commerce, establishing local governments, protectingthe public health and safety, writing election laws, ratify amendments to the constitution, exercise powers not delegated to the national government, and police powers.40. Picket Fence Federalism- A model of Federalism in which specific programs