CJ 270 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide 12Test 3 (Ch 6, 7, 8) Study GuideQuestions in Class (WILL ALSO BE ON TEST): - First Jail o Walnut Street Jail o Philly, Pennsylvania - Pennsylvania & Auburn System o Pennsylvania system  Totally in solitary confinement, only thing you got to read was a bible  Downside is that there is only one person per cell – expensive People go crazy like this – doesn’t help with reformation  Methods first used at Walnut Street Jail  To make isolation less severe and to help inmates prepare for employment after release, they were permitted to work by themselves in cells at various occupations (shoemaking, weaving, tailoring, etc.)  Goals  rehabilitation and deterrence o Auburn system  Solitary confinement but let out during the day but you had to be silent  Regimentation, military-style drill  Silence unless conversation was required in worships  Individual cells at night  Harsh discipline; shaved heads; black and white uniforms  Industrial workshops contracted with private business to help pay for institution  Made merchandise (shoes, barrels, carpets, engines, boilers, etc.) and sold themto make profit  First prison to use this opened in Auburn, New York 1819 Economic benefits - Alexander Machinochi o Father of Parole o British Navy Captain o 1840 – appointed superintendent of penal colony o Favored indeterminate sentences rather than fixed sentenceso Recommended marks system to pleasure prisoner’s progress toward release o Urged system of graduated release and aftercare to resettle prisoners in community o “Ticket of leave” system – moved inmates through stages: Imprisonment, conditional release, complete restoration of liberty o Moved from one stage to another by marksTest Makeup: - 19 questionso First 15 questions – 4 points each; 9 of 15 questions are filling blank, 6 is multiple guess o 4 are short answer worth 10 points What you need to know:- 9 Prison Eras (must be familiar with all 9) – must know narrative in book (Short answer question)o Penitentiary Era (1790-1825) First era  Walnut Street jail opened with penitentiary wing that emphasized Quaker’s religious belief in prisoner reform trough reflection penitence and rehab throughgood conduct Pennsylvania system  Auburn system  Era witnessed demise of Pennsylvania system and building of 20 state prisons onAuburn pattern  Pattern eventually changed to congregate both day and night o Mass Prison Era (1825-1876) Idea of prison as place of punishment flourished 25 more auburn system prisons built  Including sing sing in NY 1825, San Quentin in Cali in 1852, and Joliet In Illinois in1858 Most built by prisoners who quarried the stones on site o b Influenced by progressive belies that education and science were vehicles for controlling crime  First reformatory for young men opened in Elmira NY in 1878  Prisoners had indeterminate sentences  Used grading system that lead to early release on parole and offered academic education, vocational training, individual rehabilitation and military instruction and discipline  20 reformatories opened for men in addition to first prison for women in Mount Pleasant in Reformatory for Women and Girls in Indianapolis  Massachusetts passed the first probation law in 1878 extending progressive belief into community supervision as well o Industrial Era (1890-1935) Inmates worked in prison industries  Frist prisons used the public accounts system for work - Public accounts system – the earliest form of prison industry in which the warden was responsible for purchasing materials and equipmentand for overseeing the manufacture, marketing, and sale of prison-madeitems  As more states adopted auburn model, the contract system replaced the public accounts system - Contract system – a system of prison industry in which the prison advertised for bids for the employment of prisoners whose labor was sold to the highest bidder - Often led to exploitation of prisoners Progressed from public accounts and contract systems of Pennsylvania and auburn prison to convict lease, state use, and public works system- Convict lease system – a system of prison industry in which a prison temporarily relinquished supervision of its prisoners to a lessee; the lessee either employed the prisoners within the institution or transported them to work elsewhere in the stateo Prevalent in post-Civil War South o Functioned as replacement for institution of slavery - State Use System – a system of prison industry that employs prisoners tomanufacture products consumed by state governments and their agencies, departments and institutions - Public Works System – a system of prison industry in which prisoners were employed in the construction of public buildings, roads, and parks  National labor organizations saw prison labor as unfair and lobbied congress to regulate prison industry  1929 – Hawes-Cooper Act banned interstate shipment of prison-made goods  1935 – Ashurst-Sumners Act prohibited carriers from accepting prison made goods for transportation and mandated labeling of prison-made goods, passed in 1940 Today it’s a violation of federal law for state prisons to sell their products in interstate commerce unless certified by federal program – Prison Industry Enhancement 9PIE) - Inmates must be paid same wages as free worked in similar work - Must be allowed to keep 20% of what they earn - Rest of wages can be withheld to pay income taxes, child support obligations, room and board charge and restitution to victims and to victim assistance funds  1930 – Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) establishedo Punitive Era (1935-1945) Emphasis on strict punishment and custody  Holding of prisoners in the Big House in complete idleness, monotony and frustration  “Escape=proof” federal prison on island of Alcatraz in San Francisco bay opened  Then became prototype of latter-da supermax prisons  Opened in 1934 to receive the toughest prisoners in federal BOP o Treatment Era (1945-1967) Emerged in response to prison riots across US After WWII prison pop exploded Overcrowding idleness, poor food, and other deprivations led prisoners to take matters into own hands Riots aroused public support for prisoner rehabilitation  Medical model – a philosophy of prisoner reform in which criminal behavior is regarded as a disease