Slide 1History of modelsModelsThe Biological modelThe BrainThe brainThe BrainHow the brain worksThe Biological ModelThe Biological modelThe psychodynamic modelThe psychodynamic modelThe Psychodynamic ModelBehavioral ModelBehavioral modelCOGNITIVE MODELCognitive ModelCognitive-Behavioral ModelThe Humanistic-Existential ModelThe Humanistic-Existential ModelThe Humanistic-Existential ModelThe Humanistic-Existential ModelThe Humanistic-Existential ModelThe Humanistic-Existential ModelThe Humanistic-Existential ModelSociocultural modelFamily-social modelFamily-Social modelMulticultural modelBIOPSYCHOSOCIAL modelSlide 31P S YC 3 0 6 • 1 / 2 9 / 2 0 1 5MODELS OF ABNORMALITYHISTORY OF MODELS•Model: set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations•How can we explain abnormal emotions and behaviors?•In the Middle Ages, practitioners explained abnormal behavior based on religious beliefs•Now, there are various approaches that psychologists take to explain abnormal behaviorMODELS•Biological•Psychodynamic Model•Behavioral Model•Cognitive Model•Human-Existential Model•Sociocultural Model•Family-Social•Multicultural PerspectivesTHE BIOLOGICAL MODEL•Also referred to as the medical model•There is a biological underpinning to every thought, emotion, and behavior•Abnormal behavior is an illness cause by malfunctioning parts of the organism•Brain anatomy/chemistry•In order to understand this model, it is important to understand the different parts of the brainTHE BRAIN•Frontal : Executive functioning, inhibition of emotional responses•Parietal: Integration of senses, goal directed movement•Occipital: Visual receptionTHE BRAIN•Temporal: Hearing, memory, behavior and emotions•Cerebellum: Coordination, posture, balance•Brain stem: Breathing, heart rate, temperature, digestion, blood pressureTHE BRAINCerebral Cortex- Outer, protective layer of the brainCorpus Collosum- Connects the left and right hemispheres Basal Ganglia- Planning and producing movementHippocampus- Regulates emotions and memoryAmygdala- Emotional memoryHOW THE BRAIN WORKS•100 billion nerve cells called neurons•Information is transmitted between neurons through electric impulsesTHE BIOLOGICAL MODELSource of Biological Abnormalities•Genetic inheritance•Evolution•Mutations: abnormal form of an appropriate gene that emerges by accident•Example: fear•Viral infections•Exposure during pregnancy or childhood•Injury•Concussions, TBI (traumatic brain injury)THE BIOLOGICAL MODELIf you think of abnormal behavior using a “medical perspective”, how would you treat disorders?Biological Treatments•Drug theory•Antianxiety, antidepressants, antipsychotic•Electroconvulsive•Psychosurgery/neurosurgeryTHE PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL•Oldest and most famous psychological model•Sigmund Freud•All behavior is determined by past experiences•“Talking cure”•Hypnosis with Anna O.•Thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are largely caused by underlying psychological forces that the individual may not be aware of•Unconscious level•Forces are interactiveTHE PSYCHODYNAMIC MODELID: Instinctual needs, drives, and impulses•Tends to be sexually drivenEGO: Seeks gratification based on reality principle•Guided by reality, the ego teaches us to “control” the id •Ego defense mechanisms (e.g., repression, denial)SUPEREGO: Conscience •Freud suggests that these 3 forces are often in conflict, resulting in behavioral abnormalitiesTHE PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL•Psychodynamic Therapy•Main goal: Uncover post trauma and resulting inner conflict•Techniques include: Free associationTherapist interpretationsCatharsis Working throughBEHAVIORAL MODEL•Learning Principles•Operant Conditioning•Reinforcement and punishment•Modeling•Observing and imitating•Classical Conditioning •US UR•Pair CS with US and both eventually lead to the same R•Examples: Little Albert, AbuseBEHAVIORAL MODEL•Behavioral Therapy•Identify problematic behaviors•Replace them with appropriate behaviors•Systematic Desensitization•Often used to treat Specific PhobiaCOGNITIVE MODEL•Cognitive processes lead to:•Thoughts •Behaviors•Emotions•Illogical cognitive processes then lead to abnormal functioning•Assumptions •Attitudes•OvergeneralizationsCOGNITIVE MODEL•Cognitive Therapy•Identify negative thoughts, interpretations, and illogical assumptions•Challenge those thoughts•Try out new interpretationsCOGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL MODEL•Combines the Behavioral and Cognitive Models previously described•Abnormal behavior is caused by maladaptive thoughts AND behaviors•Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)•Identify problematic thoughts and behaviors•Replace problematic thoughts and behaviors with adaptive ones•CBT is a very common form of therapy used to treat a number of different psychological disordersTHE HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL MODEL•Focuses on the broader dimensions of human existence•Self-awareness•Strong values•Sense of meaning in life•Freedom of choice•Humanistic and Existential ideals are often grouped together, but there are important differences between the two approachesTHE HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL MODEL•Humanistic Approach:•Born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive•Self-actualize: people want to fulfill their potential for goodness and growth•Requires acceptance of strengths and weaknesses•Must have strong personal values to live by•This desire naturally leads to a concern for the welfare of others that is loving, courageous, spontaneous and independentTHE HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL MODEL•Existential Approach:•*Still believes that people must have an accurate awareness of self and live meaningfully to be well adjusted•BUT….does not believe that people are naturally inclined to live positively•We must choose to face up to our existence OR shrink from the responsibility•If we choose the latter, then we will be empty, inauthentic, and dysfunctionalTHE HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL MODEL•Humanistic Therapy•Based on the need for unconditional positive regard (UPR)•Conditions of worth (COWs) lead to dysfunction•Client-centered therapy: create an atmosphere that fosters open communication •Therapist must show UPR, empathy, and genuineness •Research is mixed on the effectiveness of client centered therapy•Gestalt therapy•Still the same goal: guide the client