Slide 1DisclaimerThat being said….Not One Size Fits All?Abnormal PsychologyDevianceDistressDysfunctionDangerOther terms related to psychologyWhat is Treatment?Ancient Views and TreatmentAncient Views ContinuedThe Early Twentieth CenturyCurrent TrendsPrevention and mental health promotionABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY : PAST AND PRESENTChapter 11/22/15 JANUARY 27—class starts at 4:15DISCLAIMEREVERYONE feels anxious or a little down at some point in their lifeA LOT of people drink or try substances at some point in their lifeMOST people have weird eating habits every now and thenTHIS DOES NOT MEAN YOU HAVE A MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER!WE are talking about CLINICALLY IMPAIRING levels of these things ….THAT BEING SAID….If you do believe that you meet criteria for a disorder that we discuss in class and need help:Come talk to usStudent Counseling ServiceFree to current studentsSessions for one semester maximum(979) 845-4427TAMU Psychology ClinicSessions on a “sliding scale”For current students or community members(979) 845-8017NOT ONE SIZE FITS ALL?We have the fancy DSM with a list of symptoms, but not everyone experiences MENTAL DISORDERS the sameThis is particularly true when accounting for GENDER DIFFERENCESExamples:Anxious little girl vs. ADHD little boyAdolescent female with an eating disorder vs adolescent boy who likes to exercise a lotDepressed older women vs. grumpy older manABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGYTypically involves FOUR D’s:DEVIANCE different, extreme, unusualDISTRESSUnpleasant and upsettingDYSFUNCTIONInterfering with the person’s ability to conduct daily activities constructivelyDANGERNot necessarily but possiblyDEVIANCEDeviant from what?! Abnormal behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from societal and/or cultural normsCan also be affected by specific circumstancesConsider natural disasters People obviously act different after natural disasters such as depression after katrina hit… that is NOT deviance.DISTRESSFunctioning that is unusual does not necessarily qualify as abnormalSome individuals maintain a positive frame of mindDo feelings of distress always have to be present?Not necessarilySome individuals are not distressed by things such as voices and visionsMight like being manic and hearing voicesDYSFUNCTIONIt interferes with daily functioningUpsets, distracts, or confuses people that they cannot care for themselves properlyAgain, consider culture!Breakdown in: cognitive functioningemotional functioning behavioral functioningDANGERPOSSIBILITY, but not alwaysIncludes danger to self or othersBehaviors that are consistentlyCarelessHostileConfusedActually the exception, not the ruleOTHER TERMS RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGYSymptoms: features or characteristics of a disorderDSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersClinical vs. SubclinicalClinical-meets criteria in a clinic for a disorder Subclinical- have most of the symptoms, and most that are on the checklist, but not enough to be clinical yet.. Doesn’t mean they aren’t experiencing discomfort, just don’t reach the threshold for the disorderComorbidity: having more than one psychological disorder at the same time (co-existing disorders)WHAT IS TREATMENT?Goal is to reduce or eliminate symptoms (e.g., abnormal behavior)Three essential features:An individual suffering and seeking reliefA trained professionalSeries of meetings between the twoLike psychological disorders, treatment is not one-size-fits allProfessionals and patients often enter treatment with different perspectivesANCIENT VIEWS AND TREATMENTTrephination (Stone Age; half-million years ago)Due to evil spiritsCut circular sections in the skull to treat severe abnormal behaviorGreek and Roman Views (500 B.C. to 500 A.D.)Believed to be due to brain disease and an imbalance of fluids/humors Treated by changes in diet, exercise, and/or sexualityEurope in the Middle Ages (500 to 1350 A.D.) Due to evil spirits/the devilConducted exorcismsANCIENT VIEWS CONTINUEDThe Renaissance and Asylums (1400 to 1700)Johann Weyer believed the mind was susceptible to sickness“Shrines” were developed to provide psychic healings and loving care for mental health patientsCare began to fade in the mid-16th centuryConversion of hospitals and monasteries into asylumsThe Nineteenth CenturyMoral and humane treatment returnedAllowed for developing effective public mental hospitals/state hospitalsDecline came again at the end of the 1800’sOvercrowding, under-staffed, financial strainsTHE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY Two opposing perspectives emerged:1. Somatogenic perspective:Physical factors cause mental disordersIdea suggested that treatment would be quick and easyExample: a pill could even cure it.2. psychogenic perspective:Psychological problems lead to abnormal functioning Hypnotism began to be practiced morepsychoanalysis:Unconscious psychological processes are the root of functioningFreud was popular during this timeCURRENT TRENDSHave made strides in treatment:Psychotropic medicationsDeinstitutionalizationOutpatient care primary means of treatmentPrivate psychotherapyMany different forms of therapy:Cognitive-behavioralPsychodynamicInterpersonalDialectical BehaviorAcceptance and CommitmentMany people with mental health problems don’t receive treatment due to stigma and lack of insurance coveragePREVENTION AND MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTIONGoal of preventing mental health problems from occurringAt minimum, reducing the riskCommunity prevention programs aim to correct social problems that underlie psychological problemsNot always successfulSuffer from fundingPrevention is often integrated with positive psychology:Enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilitiesAids in teaching coping skillsSaying “the cup is half full” Focus on positives/ be