PSYC 210 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Syllabus day- no notesOutline of Current Lecture I. Why a course in Human Sexuality?II. Socialization and SexualityIII. The Science of SexIV. Samples and ExperimentsCurrent LectureChapter 1: Why a course in human sexuality?- What is sexuality? o Sexuality- All of the sexual attitudes, feelings, and behaviors associated with being human.  An aspect of one’s personality. What makes you, you.o Does sexuality= sex? Do you have to be sexually active to have sexuality? No, everyone has it from birth. It’s part of you since birth, before your birth because of the hormones in the womb. - What is normal?o Typically brings up two thoughts, what is right and what is common.o What is “right”? Context dependent. Culture plays a big role in what sexuality is seen as right (or moral) or even what is sexual at all What is moral.  Has a huge cultural influence Ex: some cultures have women who don’t wear shirts, whereas some people in cultures are all covered up. o What is common? What is typical depends (again!) on age, biological sex, race, history/time period,culture, religiosity, education… Typically what is statistically common. Depends on a lot of factorsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o If both you and your partner are healthy both mentally and physically and you both choose to engage in sexual activity, then you’re “normal” and healthy. If you don’t choose to engage in sexual activity then that’s okay too!Socialization and Sexuality- Socializing Agents- the social influences that shape behaviorso All things are sending messages about pretty much all things.o Big influences include TV, magazines, internet, parents (set your values and beliefs), music, religion, peers, the people you date, o Socialization- process of internalizing society’s beliefs. Manner in which a society shapesindividual behaviors and expectations of behaviors A process that tells people what “should be.” And that you come to see that as true. - Sexual socialization: cause and effect?o Half of American teens actively seek out sexual content in the mediao The more sexual media content consumed, the earlier teens have sex and the more likely teens are to get (someone) pregnant Note, this is a correlationo Teens who just watched a show with lots of sexual content gave more positive ratings to casual sex than teens who did not just watch those programs Note, tis is an experiment- Frequent consumption of television sexual content leads to…o Overestimation of prevalence of sexual activities among population (ex: think somethingis more common or typical than it is)o Disinhibition The more sexy stuff you watch on TV the more likely you are to say hey let’s do/try thato Increased interest in sexual issueso Learning- Media and the cumulative effect- does the world make you sexually active, or do you seek out information because you’re sexually active?o Across media and exposure, media has a huge cumulative impact on the development ofsexuality Influences our personal understandings of sexual scripts (he says this then she says that which makes him say this…)o Mass media has been called “a kind of sexual super peer” by communication experts The media is the biggest cause of and relation to where our sexual attitudes lieo Mass media has a clear, overwhelming socialization effect- Portrayals of women and meno The media sexualizes women in order to sell thingso The straight male gaze: a lot of people who buys comic books are men, so they want to see guys that would like to be like and women they would like to be with. The Science of Sex- Populations and Sampleso Population- the complete set of observations from which an observer wants to draw a conclusiono Sample- the subset of the populationo Random sample- occurs when the sample is drawn such that any member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen to be a part of the sample Stratified random sample- takes into account some important factor (strata) andwe sample from those groups so that the sample overall has the same proportion as the populationo Convenience sample- people who are easy to get into your study because they’re willingor because they’re available Not typical for sex studieso Volunteer bias- people who are willing to be in your study Typical for sex studies- Surveyso Surveys- questionnaires; can be online, on paper, or over the phoneo Challenge of writing good survey questions Especially hard to do in sex studieso Correlations- has the strength (can range from 0 to 1) and the direction (positive and negative; the sign)- Direct Observationo Direct observation- when we watch people do things Naturalistic observation- watching people in the wild/in their natural habitat Laboratory observation- you bring people into the lab and observe them there. Participant-observer observation- the scientist gets involved and actually does the activities that they want to observeo Observer effect- people tend to act differently when they know they’re being watched Ex: when you have your date over to your house vs. when you and your date go outo Volunteer effect- who would volunteer to be watched? Some people, obviously. Those people must be a little insane. But some people are just really dedicated to science.- Case studieso Case studies- when we go in depth in order to understand the experiences of one personor a small group of people Extremely labor intensive Used for people who’s experiences are unique/people who are very different from other peopleo Labor-intensiveo Observer bias- the scientist tries to go in and see things they are, but the scientist has his/her own lenses they are seeing through/their own biases in how they see things or how they report their findings- Experimentso Experiments- the study where the investigator intends to find the cause and effect of somethingo Independent variable- a factor that’s under your controlo Dependent variable- a factor that we are measuring The results should depend o It’s very difficult to do experiments in sexual studieso We can’t do stuff like taking babies and showing some of them porn and the others never see it. It’s just unethical and extremely difficult!o At the end of the day we opt out for