GEOG 1114 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture Solar Energy (Insolation) and Temperature continued…-Review of last lecture-Processes of heating and cooling -Spatial and Seasonal Variations in the Heat Budget -Latitudinal Differences Outline of Current Lecture-Review of thermal concepts: Thermal capacity, inertia, heat, and conductivity Land and water heating characteristics Mechanisms of Heat Transfer – circulation patterns in the atmosphere Current Lecture Land/Water ContrastsTo understand this contrasts- need to review thermal concepts -Thermal capacity- ability of an object to absorb heat-Thermal inertia- ability of an object to resist change -Specific heat- amount of heat required to raise 1 g of substance 1 degree-Thermal conductivity- how quickly heat moves through an abject*Humans don’t absorb or hold a lot of heat so we are able to cool off Land heating characteristics: Low specific heat, low inertia, low conductivity, low capacityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Water Heating Characteristics: High specific heat, five times more than land, high inertia, high conductivity, high capacity Land heats and cools more rapidly than water, water heats up slowly; cools slowly and is able to retain heat and store energy Implication-Both hottest and coldest areas of earth are found on land – inter continent locations -Areas closest to oceans have more moderate temperature conditions. This indicates that oceans are great reservoirs of heat.*Based on the thermal difference in land and water inter continent conditions are a much wider range than the costal areas Mechanisms of Heat Transfer-Need heat transfer to prevent constant warming at tropics and cooling at the poles -Circulation patterns in atmosphere and oceans transfer heat Ocean Circulation – tied to circulation of atmosphere-Respond to average wind conditions over long time scales -Tied to circulation of atmosphere General Patterns: Five Oceans1. Atlantic2. Pacific3. Indian4. Arctic5. Southern-250 miles around Antarctica. Who owns it? 16 countries have claimed area. -Within each there is a similar pattern of ocean circulation based on prevailing winds-due to unequal heating of the earth due to the tilt there are different energies throughout the world. -An Ocean current form loops or gyres (clockwise in N counter clockwise in S)-What causes waves? Wind set up by unequal heating. -17 Major Ocean Currents-Each major current can be characterized by temperature-Those in low latitudes have warm water-Pole ward moving currents on the western sides of ocean basins carry warm water toward higher latitudes-Northward currents in the N. hemisphere carry warm water towards the North and East-Southern currents of the S. Hemisphere are influenced by Antarctic waters and are essentially cool-Equator ward moving currents on the eastern sides of ocean basins carry cool water toward the equator.Vertical Temperature Pattern-Temp change in troposphere- decreases with altitude -Variable rate of change- especially on lower levels of troposphere-Exceptions can be found Lapse Rate-Rate at which temp decreases with altitude-Environmental lapse rate- observed trend in vertical change of temp in the atmosphere-varies from place to place. Can be anthropogenic (caused by humans) Global Temperature PatternsShown by Isotherms- line across a map where temps are the sameIllustrate the effects of1. Altitude- average annual temp maps factor this out2. Latitude-Lines follow east/west trends3. Land-water contrasts-begin to dip over land, dips increase going north in relationship to the sun. *These all affect temperature across the planet 4. Ocean currents- Move energy surplus in equator to deficits at poles5. Season- -Latitudinal shift -Isotherms follow the changing balance of insolation during the year -Northward from