GEOG 1114 1stEdition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture Introduction to Maps The tools of Geography Maps Purpose Types Limitations Characteristics Map Scale Map Generalization Map projections Outline of Current Lecture Introduction to Maps The tools of Geography MapsContinued Map Distortion Three Major Types of Map Projections Isolines Map Design Elements Geotechniques provide effective data a Cartography b Remote Sensing c Geographic Information Systems GIS Current Lecture There are two primary types of map distortion Each map projection involves some changes in direction area and or shapes These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Distortion Equivalence and Conformity Equivalence maintain equal area Conformity maintains equal shapes The shape of locations on the map is the same as on the Earth Equivalence VS Conformity Conformal Shapes are correct size is distorted Equivalent Maintain equal area the shape is distorted Neither is 100 correct because it is a 2D image trying to depict a 3D area BUT depending on your purpose one projection will be more suited to your needs THREE Major Types of Map Projections 1 Mercator MOST FAMOUS Cylindrical projections Wrap the globe in a cylinder of paper tangent to the earth at the equator There is a conformal projection 2 Azimuthal Plane Projection Project the globe onto a paper that is tangent to the globe at some point It displays on the area well as an equivalent projection 3 Conic The map is projected onto the cone tangent to or intersecting the globe Longitudes are the straight lines Latitudes are the parallel lines This is used for mapping small areas on Earth Used for weather maps Isolines very effective way to understand the climate of an area Important cartographic device for portraying the spatial distribution of data Line that joins points of equal value of something Isotherm Line of constant temperature Isobar line of constant pressure Isohyet Line of constant rain Isorithm Line connecting points of equal population density Contour Lines elevation topographic map Topographic Maps Show elevation contours Lines of equal elevation The closer the lines are together the steeper the terrain is on that map The Global Positioning System GPS Global Satellite system for determining your location on the Earth s surface GPS FACTS GPS receivers use at least 3 satellites to calculate a 2D position latitude and longitude and track movement with 3 15 meter accuracy With 4 or more satellites you can get altitude Can calculate speed distance sunrise and more Map Design Elements Cartographic Visualization you need to make it so your viewer can gather plenty of information and knowledge from the map This includes Title Date Legend Scale Direction Source Projection Artistic Elements Color figure ground line size and weight font etc Geotechniques all provide effective data for science of geography a Cartography The art and science of mapping You can work manually with a computer and with scientific visualization b Remote Sensing the science and art of obtaining information about an object using an instrument not in contact with the object EX aerial photography satellite images sonar and radar Aerial photos Orthophoto maps Visible light and infrared IR scanning Thermal IR scanning Radar and sonar We get updated weather information every 7 second c Geographic Information Systems GIS Automated systems for the capture storage retrieval analysis and display of spatial data
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