PSY 322 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-3Lecture 1 (February 4)Introduction to Abnormal PsychologyDefinition of a Disorder1) Deviance: Behaviors that violate the social norms. Not all deviances are bad. - Culture is a shared behavioral pattern that is different from different groups of people. o It can affect perceptions of disordero Eccentricity: behavior that violates social norms but is not always negative or harmful Dangerous behaviors can be symptoms of disorders BUT cannot be anexplanation of abnormalityo Culture Bound Syndrome: abnormal behavior specific to a group of people2) Maladaptive: behaviors that interferes with life patterns- It causes consequences to life and/or health - Causes impairments of daily life functioning (ex: substance abuse)- Socioeconomic Status: factors that influence expression of abnormalityo Downward Drift: impairments that results from psychological disorders leading to job loss or limited education achievement3) Distress: causes painful or upsetting feelingsDevelopmental Trajectory: common symptoms of disorder vary according to person’s ageEvery individual is deviant, maladaptive or distressed. It only depends on the degree of severityin these that would define that individual to be “Abnormal.”Abnormal: Behaviors that is inconsistent with individual’s developmental, cultural, and societal norms and creates emotional distress or interferes with daily functioning. Examples: What definition of disorder is present?1.Alan’s performances at work have suffered because he has been drinking alcohol to excess. People told him to see help but he thinks’ they are getting too alarmed.Ans: Maladaptive Behavior2.Monica has gone away to college and feels lonely, sad, and dejected. Her grades are fine and she gets along with people but in the inside, she’s choked with gloom and despair.Ans: Distress3.Linda panics with anxiety whenever she leaves her home. Her problem escalated graduallyuntil she was absent from work so often that she got fired. She hasn’t been out of her house in nine months and is deeply troubled. Ans: Deviance, Maladaptive, DistressHistory of Psychology1)Ancient Theories: People from ancient times believed that abnormalities were demonic possessions of the abnormal ones. Basically, they believed that those who are abnormal are threatening and dangerous. a. If abnormal ones are identifies, it increases the risk of getting killed.b. Treatments included isolation from society and trephination, which is a procedure of drilling a hole into the skill to “release the demon.”2)Greeks and Romans: People believed God controlled abnormalities.a. Asclepius: one of the first well known healer for psychological disorders and had offered biological, physical and psychological treatmentsb. Hippocrates: known as the “Father of Medicine” and created categories for mental disorders. He was the first person to talk about interaction of environment, physical and biological factors. He also created the four humors which is believed to be treated by veggie diet, tranquil, exercise and bleedingi. Categories of Mental Disorder1. Mania: similar to present day bipolar2. Melancholia: similar to depression3. Phrenitis/ Delusion : similar to schizophrenia4. Hysteria : known only for women and is believed to be treated withmarriage and pregnancyii. Doctrine of the Four Humors: is the four essential bodily fluids and is believed to be tied to the four earthly elements ( Earth, wind, fire, water)1. Blood (Sanguine) : healthy, cheerful, optimistic. If too much exist, itcan cause insomnia and delirium2. Black Bile (Melancholia): causes depression3. Phlegm (Phlegmatic): apathetic, sluggish, calm under stress4. Yellow bile (choleric): hot temperedc. Galen: the last emperor of Rome who disbanded the hysteria category. Hebelieved that hysteria is just a state where women is either bored or lost sexual interests3)Middle Ages and Renaissance: is the age in which churches controlled and intellectuals were silenced. Witchcraft and demons were responsible for abnormalities. Mass hysteriawas common during this age. a. Emotional Contagion: automatic mimicry and synchronization of expressions, vocalization, postures, and movements (ex: tarantism and lycanthropy)4)Enlightenmenta. Johann Weyers: specialized in treatments and believed that those who were convicted of witchery were mentally ill and needs helpb. Paracelsus: Refuted the demonic and witchery possession and believes that mental disorders are hereditary (turned back to science)5)Nineteenth Century and Modern Thought: Asylums emerged in the late 1500s in Europe which started out with the idea that mentally ills are choosing insanity over reality. Therefore, the normals remove the abnormal from society and were taken into asylums to be “cared for.” In reality, the patients were abused and treated like animals. The PublicHospital in Williamsburg, VA was the first asylum to choose rationality over insanity. This is when the humanitarian reform started.a. Phillipe Pinel: believed that mental disorders are curable and solitary confinement and stray jackets will cause paralysis. He started the ethical treatment in which, he proposed; doctors must listen and observe patients to apply appropriate treatment. This removed chains and allowed the ills to have trip outside. Patients got better and stayed better.b. William Tuke: created a “home” for patients called the York Retreatc. Benjamin Rush: known as the “Father of American Psychiatry” believed that the human mind is the most importantd. Mesmer: believed body was a magnet and if substances in body is free flowing, that individual is healthy. He established the placebo effect, which is when symptoms diminished because patients believed treatment was effective though it was temporary.e. Emil Kraepelin: Introduced etiology (cause of disease) and prognosis (progressionand outcome of disorders). She believes that Dementia Praecox , also known as schizophrenia, is a mental detioration caused by autointoxication. Autointoxication is a self poisoning of brain cells as a result of abnormal body metabolism.f. Dorathy Dix: started the Moral Therapyi. Moral therapy focuses on patients social, individual and occupational needs involving good behavioral examples and rewarding appropriate conduct. Unfortunately, Moral therapy focuses on moral and not disorders and it caused overcrowding and lack of replacement in asylumsii.