FANR 3060 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 16Lecture 1 (Jan 5)What is a landscape?Unit of land surface characteristics by distinct/uniform topography. Form by geologic history, underlying rock types, and climate (erosion/deposition). What is the rock cycle?Two different types of minerals: primary and secondary. Primary comes from magma, secondaryis created from the deposition and decomposition of primary. Lecture 2 (Jan 7)What are the major physiological regions in GA?Valley and Ridge, Flatwoods and Southeastern Coastal Plain, Blue Ridge and PiedmontLecture 3 (Jan 9)What rae different landscapes found in GA?Alluvium, limestone, caves, and beach front.What are different soil series in the Piedmont?See Figure 1.14Lecture 4 (Jan 12)What is soil?A mantle of weathered rock that covers the earth’s land surface. Affected by specific soil-forming processes: Weathering, Leaching, Humus additions. What is the water balance equation?P = ET + Q + ∆S where P = precipitation, E = evaporation, T = transpiration, Q = discharge from watershed (Stream flow, Lateral flow: outcrops into spring or valley, which then becomes surface flow), and S = water in soil.What are the different soil properties?Texture, color, structureWhat is weathering?Rock  parent material  soil. Two types: Physical (expansion/contraction, root pressure, abrasion) and Chemical (hydrolysis, oxidation/reduction reactions, solution reactions)Lecture 5 (Jan 14)What is LeChatlier’s Principle?Chemical equilibrium responds to external environment and shifts to the left or the rightWhat is residual parent material?Where the parent material is weathered in place. This is 50% of the Piedmont. What are some types of transported parent materials?Alluvium (young), Lacustrine (not in the S.E.), Aeolian (silty soil = Loess, erodes very easily), Glacial till (unsorted soil), Glacial outwash (sorted soil)What are the different types of horizons?A (Ap), E, B(Bt, Bh, Bg), C (Cr, Cg), RWhat are the 4 processes?Losses, additions, translocations, transformationsLecture 6 (Jan 16)What are the 5 factors?Parent material, time, climate, topographyLecture 7 (Jan 21)What are the diagnostic A horizons?Mollic, umbric, histic, ochricLecture 8 (Jan 23)What are the diagnostic B horizons?Cambic, argillic, spodic, oxicWhat are the soil orders?Entisols, inceptisols, spodosols, mollisols, alfisols, ultisolsLecture 9 (Jan 26)What are some more soil orders?Oxisols, histisols, andisolsWhat are the soil orders in Athens?Entisol, inceptisol, ultisol, alfisolLecture 10 (Jan 28)What is the most important soil property?Soil textureWhat are the different types of soil structure?Granular and blockyWhat is the difference between particle and bulk density?Particle density is the density of the individual pieces of sand, silt, clay particles that make up soil. Bulk Density is the density of soil including solids, pores, etcLecture 11 (Jan 30)How do you manage soil physical properties?Avoid compaction, break up dense layers (deep tillage), till only when necessary, add humus.Lecture 12 (Feb 2)What are the two soil colloids, and how do they differ?Permanent charge colloids (clay minerals; always negative) and variable charge colloids (iron oxides and humus; charge varies with pH)Give an example of a 1:1 and 2:1 clay mineral.1:1 = Kaolinite. 2:1=MontmorilloniteLecture 13 (Feb 4)What is no-till agriculture?Till a narrow strip and then use last year’s residue as fertilizer. This Absorbs raindrop impact, increases infiltration, lessens erosion, maintains aggregation, increases humus levels, and reduces CO2 emissions compared to plowingWhy do clay minerals have a permanent negative charge?Isomorphous substitutionLecture 14 (Feb 6)What is an example of a major functional group?CarboxylWhat is CEC and AEC?Cation Exchange Capacity and Anion Exchange CapacityLecture 15 (Feb 9)What is the % base saturation equation?%BS = (Sum of the bases/CEC) * 100END OF MATERIAL ON