AGRI 3610 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideCHAPTER 1 LECTURE 1 (January 15) The importance of insects, part 1Know the four distinguishing characteristics of class insecta. 1. Body-head, thorax, and abdomen 2. Thorax had 3 pairs of legs, two pairs of wings3. Breathing thru spiracles4. Have antennaeWhat are the characteristics that all organisms in phylum arthropoda have in common?- Are characterized as having a body divided by grooves to form segments and a well-developed covering, the integuments, which makes up the outer shell, or exoskeleton. Arthropods have a heart at the top and a nerve cord at the bottom of their body cavity.Four additional classes in phylum Arthropod were discussed in class. Be able to list each class and what atypical arthropod belongs to each other.- Phylum Arthropodao Class: Insectao Class: Crustacea-lobsters, crabso Class: Chilopoda- Centipedeso Class Diplopda-millipedso Class Arachnida Order: Araneae- spiders Order: Acari- mites ant ticks Order: Scorpiones-scorpionsSpiders and tick/mites belong to two different orders in class arachnida. Be able to identify which belongs to which order. - Spiders and ticks/mites belong to two different orders in class arachnida. o Siders: Araneaeo Ticks/mites: AceriKnow how a spider is different from an insect. There are six distinguishing characteristics. - The distinguishing characteristics are:1. 4 pairs of legs2. 2 body segments3. 8 simple eyes4. No antennas5. Never have wings6. Never herbivoresKnow how a tick and how a mite are different from a spider and an insect.- The difference between a tick/mite compared to a spider and an insect is:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Ticks and mites have: 4 pairs of legs, and body that is not segmented o Spiders have: 4 pairs of legs, 2 body segments, and 8 eyeso Insects have: a thorax, 3 pairs of legs, 2 pairs of wings and antennas Know the characteristics unique to the classes: Crustacea, Chilopoda, and Diplopoda - Class Crustacea: Crabs, Lobsters, Pillbugs1. 2 main body sections2. 5 to 7 pairs of legs3. 2 pairs of antennas4. Simple eyes- Class Chilopoda: Centipedes1. 1 pair of legs per body segment2. First pair venomous fangs3. Flattened body4. Nocturnal predators- Few are dangerous to humans.- Class Diplopoda: Millipedes1. 2 pairs of legs per body segment2. Cylindrical body3. Eats decaying plant material Know how centipedes and millipedes can be distinguished from each other.- Centipedes and millipedes can be distinguished from each other by:1. Their bodies2. Centipedes are venomous3. Millipedes curl up when disturbed 4. Millipedes are harmlessLECTURE 2 (January 19)Know three ways pests cause problems.- Three ways pests cause problems:1. Injury to crops, plants, forests and ornamentals2. Annoyance, injury, and death to humans and domesticated animals; and3. Destruction or value deprecation of stored products and possessionsKnow what insect pest is the carrier of malaria.- Malaria is an infectious, fever-inducing disease caused my protozoans of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Understand why North America has this insect but why North America has no malaria outbreaks.- North America has these pests but have no malaria outbreaks due to the use of antimalarial drugs. Know what insect pest served as a vector for bubonic plague.- Bubonic plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread via the oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis. Know what pest is the vector of Lyme disease.- The disease is spread by a spirochete bacterium that is transmitted by so-called deer tick, Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes scapularis, in North America. How much time can elapsed after the lyme-transmitting pest attaches to a host before it becomes likely the host will be infected with lyme disease.- The infection does not occur until after 12-24 hours after feeding begins.What is the typical symptom of Lyme disease which occurs on the skin at the site of the pest bite and appears anywhere from 1 day to 1 month after the bite.- This symptom is called the Bull’s Eye rashWhat factors determine when an insect species is elevated to pest status? Many factors determine when an insect species is elevated to pest status such as: - The market value of the crop involved- Susceptibility of the crop to damage- Cost to control the insect species- Weather conditions- Impact control has on the environmentWhat are 3 positive impacts of insects in Ecological processes?There are three factors:- Food for animals - Agents of decompositiono Termiteso Dung beetleso Soil formationHow many pest insect species are in the U.S?- In the United States, as few as 600 species can be considered significantWhat are the ways insects can damage plants?- Insects damage plants by feeding on them and laying eggs in plant tissues. The most dangerous of these injuries is feeding. The insects consume plant tissues with various types of chewing mouthparts and remove plant juices with sucking mouthparts. Know the difference between direct and indirect losses.Loss from insect feeding may be direct or indirect. - Direct losses occur when insects feed on harvestable produce, eliminating it or causing devaluation.- Indirect losses occur when insects feed on roots, stems, and leaves, thereby causing a decline in quantity or quality of potentially harvestable produce, usually seeds, fruits, or tubers. Where has Chikungunya virus appeared in 2014? What is the vector of this virus? How can you prevent being infected by this virus if you travel to areas where this disease is present?- The Chikungunya virus appeared in the United States in 2014. The vector is mosquitoes; you can prevent being infected by wearing mosquito repellent at all times when traveling to these areas. CHAPTER 2 LECTURE 3 (January 21)If given a figure of an insect, be able to identify the following:- Dorsal Side: when you are looking down at the insect- Ventral Side: When you are under the insect, when it is sitting at rest - Lateral Side: looking at the side of the insect- Anterior: the position of the insect body toward the head- Posterior: the position of the insect body toward the abdomen and genital opening- Proximal end: Closer to the axis of the body- Distal end: Farther from the axis of the body- Median line (Midline): a line drawn down the middle of the body, from anterior to