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UCM AGRI 3610 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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AGRI 3610 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 8 -13 CHAPTER 4 LECTURE 8 (February 11) Insect Development or Metamorphosis:- Four types of metamorphosis 1. No metamorphosis2. Gradual metamorphosis3. Incomplete metamorphosis4. Complete metamorphosisKnow and be able to describe the stages of each life cycle:1. No metamorphosis: (Ametabolous) o Egg ----- Nymph ----- Adulto All life stages look similaro All life stages behave similaro Whole family can live and feed together- Ametabolous:o Wingless primitive orders: Silverfish (Thysanura) Springtails (Collembola) o Young resemble adults except for size2. Gradual metamorphosis:o Each instar stage looks similaro Nymphs: No wings, not reproductively capableo Adults: have no wings and are reproductively capable- Paurometabolous:  Grasshopper (Orthoptera) Termites (Isoptera) True bugs (Hemiptera) 3. Incomplete metamorphosis: o Egg ----- Naiads ----- Adulto Naiads live in ponds, streams and rivers They have gills at the tip of the abdomeno Adult flies above the ponds, streams, and rivers- Hemimetabolous:o Aquatic insect orders: Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) Dragonflies (Odonata)4. Complete metamorphosis:o Egg ----- Larvae ----- Pupa ----- Adulto Each stage is very differento Larva are wormlikeo Can live in different environmentso Eat different foodso Larva usually the main pest These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Holometabolous:o Flies ( Diptera)Know what an Ovipositor is.- The egg-laying structure of female insectsKnow the difference between Ovipositor and Viviparous- Ovipositor is the structure of laying the eggs; Viviparous is giving birth to active youth, and they develop and grow inside the mother insectKnow the difference between R and K reproductive strategies and which strategy insects use. - K- strategy: A species characterized by low reproductive rate and high survival rate- R-Strategy: A species characterized by high reproductive rate and low survival rate o Insects use R- Strategy CHAPTER 8 LECTURES 9, 10, 11 (February 16- 23)Be able to define the following terms: - Integrated Pest Management (IPM): A pest technology that uses combined means to reduce thestatus of pests to tolerable levels while maintaining a quality environment - General Population Equilibrium (GED): The amount of population till it reaches the maximumpoint- Economic Injury Level (EIL): The lowest number of insects that will cause economic damage- Economic Threshold: The pest density at which management action should be taken to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the economic-injury level- Bioaccumulation: A process by which chemicals are taken up by an organism either directly from exposure to a contaminated medium or by consumption of food containing the chemical - Bio-magnification: The increase in concentration of a substance (Usually a pesticide) in animal tissue as related to the animal’s higher position in the food chain - Environment’s Carrying Capacity: A species in an environment that is at maximum population size of the species Know the four differences presented in lecture which highlight the differences between a pesticide controlstrategy and integrated pest managementPesticide Control: Vs. IPM:Only 1 tactic Multiple tactics Goal: Kill the pest Goal: preventing economic lossEradication desired Eradication not possible or not economically feasibleEnvironment impact not considered Be able to give an example of a cultural management tactic, a biological management tactic and a sanitarymanagement tactic. - Cultural management tactic: Purposeful manipulation of a cropping environment to reducerates of pest increase and damage- Biological management: The employment of any biological agent for control of a pest- Sanitary management: The ways to prevent pests from entering fields are: cleaning field equipment, cleanliness/sanitation to remove food sources, and quarantines Know the four strategies presented in lecture. Understand the difference between a strategy and a tactic - Four strategies: (how you plan to achieve your goal)o Do nothingo Reduce pest populationo Reduce crop susceptibility o Reduce pest population and reduce crop susceptibility- Strategy: Overall plan to reduce a pest problem- Tactic: Actual method used to implement the strategy EIL Formula: Grain threshold EIL=Loss per insect X Amount of loss avoided (Learn how to use the formula on page 261-262)Know the two objectives of the “reduce pest population” strategy.- Reduce pest population peaks- Reduce the overall average populationKnow the 2 basic ways you could reduce the overall average pest population. Be able to identify which way focuses on the environment and which focuses on the pest. - Reduce overall carrying capacity of the environment o Focuses on the environment - Reduce pest reproductive capacityo Focuses on the pest Name a possible tactic which could be used if you had chosen the “reduce crop susceptibility strategy”- Possible tactics:o Increase crop vigor (Fertilizer)o Chose a crop variety resistant to the pesto Changing planting datesWhich of the four strategies will give the most consistent results, why?- Strategy four will give the most consistent resultso It reduces pest population and reduces crop susceptibility Be able to list 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of IPM.- Advantages:o Improves profitabilityo Reduces risk of crop - Disadvantages: o Requires a higher degree of managemento More labor intensiveCHAPTER 9 LECTURE 12 (February 25)Be able to define these terms:- Beneficials: Manipulation of pest’s natural enemies - Parasite: An organism which lives on or in a larger organism (host) and feeds on it. Host is harmed, not killed. Not as useful as an IPM tactic- Parasitoid: An arthropod which feeds on the host until the feeding kills the host. Parasitoid is in an immature stage, but usually not parasitic as an adult - Endoparaitoid: A parasite the - Ectoparasitoid: A parasite that lives externally on another animal and ultimately kills it Various basic types of beneficials were presented. Which two are important for IPM?- Lady Beetles- Parasitoid waspso Important for IPM- Parasitoid flieso Important for


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