Econ 101 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 12 Lecture 1 January 21 Two types of changes are Physical and Chemical What are the differences in the properties and the changes of the two Physical changes are those that the property of a substance changes by itself These include things you can see with the naked eye like color and shape as well as density melting and melting point When a physical change occurs the physical properties are altered but not its composition A change in the state of matter is a physical change Chemical changes are those that the properties of a substance change into or interacts with another substance When a chemical change occurs the substance is converted into a different substance An example of a chemical change is paper burning KNOW The following Metric Conversions both the prefix and the conversion factors Prefix Abbreviation Conversion Factor kilo k 1000 x 1 kx centi c 1 x 100 cx milli m 1 x 1000 mx micro 1 x 1 x 106 x nano n 1 x 1 x 109nx where x is any metric base unit like meters grams liters etc These are the same conversions in your text page 14 but I like to remember whole numbers rather than decimals Use whichever makes more sense to you 1 mL 1 cm3 2 54 cm 1 00 inches this is the only English to Metric conversion I think you need to memorize Lecture 2 September 23 What are the rules in calculating significant figures Multiplication Division and Addition Subtraction a Multiplication Division Keep the lowest number of Significant Figures i Example 5652 99x1 2 6788 588 but is rounded to 6800 because 1 2 has 2 significant figures and 5652 99 has 6 significant figures b Addition Subtraction Keep lowest number of decimal places i Example 2391 659 21 2 2370 459 but is rounded to 2370 4 because 21 2 has one decimal spot What are the differences between electrons neutrons and protons Electrons are negatively charged particles in an atom that do not reside in the nucleus whereas a proton is a positively charged particle that makes up the nucleus A neutron is a neutrally charged particle that along with the proton makes up the nucleus KNOW THIS What are the horizontal rows of elements called on the Periodic Table of Elements What are the verticle columns called How is the Periodic Table of Elements arranged Horizontal Rows of elements are called PERIODS and have different properties than other periods Vertical Columns of elements are called ROWS and have similar properties The Periodic table is organized by increasing atomic number Lecture 3 January 26 Ionic bonds happen between and Covalent Bonds happen between and Metals Nonmetals Nonmetals Nonmetals Ionic bonding is the transfering of electrons The metals transfer electrons to the nonmetals To predict the number of electrons gained lost look at the periodic table and figure out the Noble Gas Configuration Covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons The nucleus of one atom attracts the electrons of the other atom and vice versa KNOW THESE POLYATOMIC IONS FOR MIDTERM 1 Name of Ion Ion Formula Ammonium NH4 Acetate C2H3O2 also written as CH3CO2 Carbonate CO3 2Cyanide CN Hydroxide OHNitrate NO3 Nitrite NO2 Sulfate SO4 2Sulfite SO3 2Phosphate PO4 3Phosphite PO3 3Perchlorate ClO4 Chlorate ClO3 Permanganate MnO4 Hydrogen carbonate HCO3 also called bicarbonate Dichromate Cr2O7 2Chromate CrO4 2How would you name the IONIC compound CaBr2 To name ionic compounds the cation is named first then the anion The cation is the name of the metal as it is The anion changes the ine ending to ide CaBr2 would be named Calcium Bromide How would you name the ACID HCl All acids contain Hydrogen and all names are based on the anion First add enough Hydrogen to balance the charge then add the prefix Hydro to the anion Change the ine ending to ic and attach Acid as a separate word The result of HCl would be Hydrochloric Acid How would you name an oxoanion Oxoanions have prefixes that can be found on Figure 2 18 of the textbook Normally change the ate to ic OR ite to ous Also keep any prefixes associated with the oxoanion Lecture 4 January 28 How would you name the COVALENT compound CO2 A covalent compound is usually between two nonmetals Name the metal in the smaller group first and the larger group metal second To the metal you name second add the ide ending Use prefixes to show how many atoms there are An example would be CO2 being Cabon Dioxide What is the name of a Straight Chain Alkane dependent on Straight chain alkanes contain Carbon and Hydrogen and are dependent on the number of Carbons A Table to study is found on 2 7 What is the Difference between formula mass and molecular mass Nothing Well except for the fact that formula mass is the name given to the mass of an ionic compound and molecular mass is associated with covalent compounds Otherwise you find them the exact same way adding up the atomic masses and how many there are How do you use Avogadro s number Avogadro s number is used to covert moles to number of entities You can also convert grams to entities but you have to first convert it to moles using conversion factors Lecture 5 January 30 True False You balance chemical equations by changing the subscript on the chemical formula FALSE Never change the subscript when balancing a chemical equation it changes the composition of the chemical ONLY change the coefficients How do you determine the Limiting Reactant in a chemical formula Multiply the number by the molar ratio in the formula The reactant that produces the least amount of moles of the product is the limiting reactant Lecture 6 February 2 What is the difference between a solvent and a solute A solvent is what dissolves the solute It is usually the larger quantity and is often water The Solute is the substance that dissolves in the solvent Usually the smaller quantity How do we measure concentration Concentration is measured in units called molarity It is the moles of a solute over the Liters in a solution Distinguish differences between ionic and covalent compounds when dissolved in water Ionic compounds are soluble substances that are strong electrolytes They conduct and complete electrical circuits because of their ions When ionic compounds are dissolved in water the cation are attracted to the partially negative O particles and the anions are attracted to the partially positive H particles Covalent compounds are soluble in water but they do not separate into ions These are called nonelectrolytes because they do NOT conduct an electrical